1. Finding & Using Resources

2.  Consider two things:  Explore the issue  Consider what readers think

3.  What groups or notable individuals have shaped the debate on this issue? What positions have they taken?  It may surprise you that ______ is a controversial issue. Although many people take ______ for granted, [individuals/groups] oppose it on the grounds that ______.  Whereas supporters of ______ have argued that ______, opponents such as [list individuals/groups] contend that ______.

4.  How have people’s opinions about the issue changed? What makes the issue important now?  Recent research reports/incidents reported in the news] have changed some people’s minds on this issue. Instead of assuming ______, many people now think ______.  The debate over whether ______ should ______ was initially concerned with ______, but now the main concern seems to be that ______.

5.  What values and concerns do I and my readers share regarding the issue?  Concern about ______ leads many of us to oppose ______. We worry that ______ will happen if ______.  ______ is a basic human right that needs to be protected. But what does it mean in everyday practice when ______ ?

6.  What fundamental differences in worldview or experience might keep me and my readers from agreeing?  Those who disagree about ______ often see it as a choice between ______ and ______, but both are important. We don’t have to choose between them because ______.

7.  While others may view it as a matter of ______, for me, the issue hinges on ______.  According to ______, what is at stake in this issue is ______. For me, however, what is most important is ______.

8.  Devising an arguable thesis  Define the issue & terms/concepts  Indicate what is at stake  State your position

9.  Don’t plagiarize!  Use quotation marks around someone else’s words.  Quote accurately.  Include the author and/or title of the source when you paraphrase, quote, or summarize.  Include parenthetical citations in the text & an entry in your Works Cited page.

10.  3 steps:  Introduce  paraphrase or quote  analyze  Make sure you don’t “drop” quotes into the text.

11.  1. Include the author’s name in the sentence when you paraphrase or quote. The page number is placed in parentheses. The period is placed after the citation.  Ruth Calderon, a child psychologist, agrees that “corporal punishment is not a legitimate form of discipline in schools” (104).

12.  2. When the introduction does not include the author’s name, note the last name and page number in the citation.  One researcher remarks, “Corporal punishment teaches children to solve problems with violence” (Hayes 20).

13.  3. If you quote something that is cited in a second source, note this by using qtd. in:  One high school principal remarks, “I’ve never known corporal punishment to improve behavior of unruly students” (qtd. in Hayes 16).

14.  4. When more than one source by the same author is cited, include the author’s name in the introduction and use a short form of the title in the parenthetical citation:  Rodriguez feels that a teacher who resorts to corporal punishment is acting out of frustration (Discipline 86).

15.  5. For online sources and sources that do not have page numbers, place the author in parentheses. If the author is not given, place the title.  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, all corporal punishment should be banned in schools (“Corporal Punishment in Schools”).

16.  Chapter 27  In-Text Citations (pages 710- 14)  Works Cited (pages 714- 30)  Sample Works Cited page (page 737- 8)  IMPORTANT! The in-text citations must match the Works Cited page entries.

17.  to argue with another author’s definition of a term  to provide statistical evidence or testimony to validate a claim  to present the reader with a statement the writer will refute or discuss in detail.

18.  The source’s words are particularly relevant or powerful.  They represent a pertinent example of that specific author’s thinking.  A good policy is to use short quotes (no more than 25 words; otherwise, summarize or paraphrase sources whenever possible.  When summarizing, however, be sure to represent the author accurately and fairly.

19.  Ellipsis marks  Brackets  A quotation using a colon  A quotation using a comma  A quotation using that

20.  For longer quotations (more than four lines), follow the rules for formatting a blocked quote.  Indent the quotation an inch from the left margin.  Double-space between lines just as you do in your text.  Do not enclose the passage within quotation marks.  Use a colon to introduce a block quote unless the context calls for another punctuation mark or none at all.  Parenthetical page reference follows the period.

21.  When you include quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the argument, flow, and syntax of the paper without any logical or grammatical jolts.  All borrowed ideas or words should be accompanied by a signal phrase that names the author or otherwise alerts the reader that the information is from a source.

22.  George Smith, another supporter of cloning and the President of the Human Cloning Foundation, believes that science fiction works have created hysteria in the popular media. Smith argues, “From Frankenstein to The Sixth Day, our popular media has done nothing but stir up the public’s anxiety about monsters” (25). His views on the popular media tell us...  A view that contradicts Smith’s is articulated by John Brown, who contends that “God never intended for man to participate in his acts of creation. He will never condone our interference in his plan for us” (235). Brown makes it clear that...

23.  Quotations must be integrated into a sentence and must agree with the grammatical structure of that sentence, even if the quote must be modified with brackets: Smith argues that the popular media “look only to the profit [they] can gain from the picture [they] paint of the cloning procedure” (27).

24.  In the words of researcher Herbert Terrace, “...” (7).  As Flora Davis has noted, “...” (99).  The Gardners, Wahoe’s trainers, point out that “...” (76 ).  “...,” claims Noam Chomsky (11).  Terrance answers these objections with the following analysis: “...” (213).

25.  When introducing a quote, add information about the author that will either establish his/her expertise or question his/her credibility or motives:  Smith, president of the NSS, argues that “... ”  Jones, who seems to make a career out of disagreeing with Smith, has this to say: “...”  The same strategy can be used to characterize a publication:  “The National Review, a publication well known for its conservative stance, includes Smith’s opinions on a regular basis.”

26. 

27. Individual exercise. Take out a sheet of paper, and correct the following sentences.

28.  The narrator suggests his bitter disappointment when “I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity” (35).

29.  From the moment of the boy’s arrival in Araby, the bazaar is presented as a commercial enterprise: “I could not find any sixpenny entrance and… handing a shilling to a weary-looking man” (34).

30.  The girl’s interest in the bazaar leading the narrator to make what amounts to a sacred oath: “If I go… I will bring you something” (32).

32.  Academic One File  Academic Search Premiere  CQ Researcher  EBSCO  Gender Watch  JSTOR  Opposing Viewpoints  ProQuest  Student Resources in Context Full Text Boolean/Phrase Date

33.  Up-to-date information  Consider the author  Is it scholarly?  Read sources strategically.  Take notes!

34.  Henry Jenkins’s “Convergence Culture” from Signs of Life. 7 th edition. Editors: Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Published by Bedford in Boston in 2012. Pages 455- 69.  Sula by Toni Morrison. Published by Plume in 1982 in New York.  Rachel Goosen’s article Disarming the Toy Store, which was published in an academic journal entitled Peace and Change. This is volume 38, Issue 3, and the article is found on pages 330- 54. Located on Academic Search Premiere on June 1, 2015. The journal was published July 2013.