1. Imperial Competition, Military Timetables and Other Events Causes of World War I

2. First Moroccan Crisis 1906

3. GERMAN BELIEFS Kaiser wanted to test strength of new French/British alliance Kaiser wanted to test strength of new French/British alliance Wanted to block French imperialism Wanted to block French imperialism Russia too weak to help France Russia too weak to help France If Germany appeared threatening and dangerous enough, then everyone else would give Germany what they wanted If Germany appeared threatening and dangerous enough, then everyone else would give Germany what they wanted Germany needed to be belligerent to gain Great Power status Germany needed to be belligerent to gain Great Power status

4. First Moroccan Crisis 1906 EVENTS France working to est. protectorate over Morocco France working to est. protectorate over Morocco Kaiser visited Tangiers Kaiser visited Tangiers Made a speech about Moroccan independence Made a speech about Moroccan independence http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_First_Moroccan_Crisis http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_First_Moroccan_Crisis http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_First_Moroccan_Crisis Britain furious Britain furious

5. Algeciras Conference 1906

6. Both Germany & France made preparations for war by moving troops to the border or calling up reserves Both Germany & France made preparations for war by moving troops to the border or calling up reserves 13 nations attended; only Austria supported Germany 13 nations attended; only Austria supported Germany France continued political and economic control in Morocco France continued political and economic control in Morocco Russia needed a loan from France, which France would not give until end of the conference, so Russia supported France. Russia needed a loan from France, which France would not give until end of the conference, so Russia supported France. Germany refused to compromise or negotiate Germany refused to compromise or negotiate

7. Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 CAUSE Another attempt to break up French/British alliance Another attempt to break up French/British alliance Attempt to gain territory in Africa Attempt to gain territory in AfricaEVENTS France illegally sent troops to Morocco France illegally sent troops to Morocco Germany sent gunboat Panther to protect German citizens (they found ONE citizen to protect) Germany sent gunboat Panther to protect German citizens (they found ONE citizen to protect) Germany demanded to be given French Congo Germany demanded to be given French Congo

8. Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 Panther Panther

9. Agadir Conference Germany was alone, even Austria did not support her Germany was alone, even Austria did not support her Germany gained some territory from French Congo (100,000 sq.miles) Germany gained some territory from French Congo (100,000 sq.miles) Britain viewed German actions as a challenge to the British navy & to Britain’s Great Power status (competition!) Britain viewed German actions as a challenge to the British navy & to Britain’s Great Power status (competition!) France’s claim to control Morocco was recognized France’s claim to control Morocco was recognized http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Agadir_Crisis:_Lloyd_George%2 7s_Mansion_House_Speech http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Agadir_Crisis:_Lloyd_George%2 7s_Mansion_House_Speech http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Agadir_Crisis:_Lloyd_George%2 7s_Mansion_House_Speech http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Agadir_Crisis:_Lloyd_George%2 7s_Mansion_House_Speech

10. Agadir Conference German cartoon, author unknown. Example of Gunboat Diplomacy

11. Bosnia Why was Bosnia important to Austria? Why was Bosnia important to Austria? After 1866, would help Austria keep “Great Power” status After 1866, would help Austria keep “Great Power” status Wanted to build railroad from Vienna to Salonika & the Aegean Sea Wanted to build railroad from Vienna to Salonika & the Aegean Sea Bosnia would give Serbia access to the sea. Bosnia would give Serbia access to the sea.

12. Bosnia 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on. Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on.

13. Serbia & Bosnia Serbians, including officers & government leaders, formed Narodna Odbrana—National Defense Serbians, including officers & government leaders, formed Narodna Odbrana—National Defense The purpose of the group was to prepare for possible war against Austria The purpose of the group was to prepare for possible war against Austria The group published anti-Austrian propaganda and moved people in and out of Austria The group published anti-Austrian propaganda and moved people in and out of Austria The group in Bosnia was called Young Bosnia The group in Bosnia was called Young Bosnia

14. Serbia & Bosnia 1909 Austria complained about their activities, but Russia was not able to support Serbia ( after defeat of Russo-Japanese War ) 1909 Austria complained about their activities, but Russia was not able to support Serbia ( after defeat of Russo-Japanese War ) A new group was formed—Union or Death, also known as Black Hand A new group was formed—Union or Death, also known as Black Hand One of the leaders— Dragutin Gavrilo Dimitrijevic Princip One of the leaders— Dragutin Gavrilo Dimitrijevic Princip

15. Serbia & Bosnia Black Hand became a terrorist organization Black Hand became a terrorist organization Their goal was to unite all Serbs in a Greater Serbia Their goal was to unite all Serbs in a Greater Serbia Greater Serbia would include Macedonia, Greater Serbia would include Macedonia, Bosnia & Croatia Bosnia & Croatia

16. Serbia & Bosnia Black Hand Had influence in the Serbian military and Foreign Ministry Had influence in the Serbian military and Foreign Ministry Believed to have links with the Russian consulate Believed to have links with the Russian consulate Gavrilo Princip tried to enlist in the Serbian army at the start of the 1 st Balkan War, but was rejected “too small & too weak” Gavrilo Princip tried to enlist in the Serbian army at the start of the 1 st Balkan War, but was rejected “too small & too weak” Princip went to Belgrade, then Sarajevo Princip went to Belgrade, then Sarajevo Was a member of Young Bosnia Was a member of Young Bosnia

17. Mobilization Plans Countries depended on actions of their allies as part of planning Countries depended on actions of their allies as part of planning Once mobilization began, it was believed if one country mobilized, then other countries would be at a disadvantage in battle if they did not also mobilize Once mobilization began, it was believed if one country mobilized, then other countries would be at a disadvantage in battle if they did not also mobilize Mobilization was considered a declaration of war in 1914 Mobilization was considered a declaration of war in 1914

18. Arms Race Military plans were rigid and on a time table Military plans were rigid and on a time table Events needed to occur within a certain time frame Events needed to occur within a certain time frame Build-up of weapons due to mass production Build-up of weapons due to mass production Great Powers doubled spending on their armies Great Powers doubled spending on their armies Confidence in ability of one’s national army to succeed Confidence in ability of one’s national army to succeed

19. Schlieffen Plan Developed in 1905 by Count Schlieffen Developed in 1905 by Count Schlieffen Modified by Moltke in 1909 Modified by Moltke in 1909 Became the official sole war plan in 1913 Became the official sole war plan in 1913 Was a secret from the civilian government Was a secret from the civilian government

20. Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen counted on several things… weakness of Russian army which would take 6 or more weeks to mobilize weakness of Russian army which would take 6 or more weeks to mobilize Italy would help defend Alsace-Lorraine Italy would help defend Alsace-Lorraine French would cross into Belgium to meet the Germans at the Belgian border, thereby being the ones to violate Belgian neutrality French would cross into Belgium to meet the Germans at the Belgian border, thereby being the ones to violate Belgian neutrality Defeating the French would convince Britain to stay out of the war Defeating the French would convince Britain to stay out of the war Austria would fight with Germany Austria would fight with Germany

21. Schlieffen Plan http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914m/schlieffen.html http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914m/schlieffen.html http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914m/schlieffen.html Besides modifying Schlieffen’s plan, the German army had problems of supply and communications Besides modifying Schlieffen’s plan, the German army had problems of supply and communications Germany had 2.3 million troops Germany had 2.3 million troops

22. France—Plan XVII Offensive, adopted 1913, with the goal of regaining Alsace-Lorraine Offensive, adopted 1913, with the goal of regaining Alsace-Lorraine Success depended on the French “fighting spirit” Success depended on the French “fighting spirit” Four armies were to be sent to A-L, one to the French-Belgian border Four armies were to be sent to A-L, one to the French-Belgian border Believed British support of Belgium would keep the Germans from invading Belgium Believed British support of Belgium would keep the Germans from invading Belgium Had an accurate idea of the size of the German army, but did not take into account German reserves Had an accurate idea of the size of the German army, but did not take into account German reserves

23. France—Plan XVII Had 2 million troops Had 2 million troops

24. Austria-Hungary— Plan B and Plan R Austria assumed war would be only against Serbia Austria assumed war would be only against Serbia Plan B sent three armies to Serbia and three armies to the Austrian-Russian border Plan B sent three armies to Serbia and three armies to the Austrian-Russian border Plan R was a revision of Plan B… four armies were sent to the Russian border and two armies sent to Serbia Plan R was a revision of Plan B… four armies were sent to the Russian border and two armies sent to Serbia Plan R was used in 1914 Plan R was used in 1914

25. Austria-Hungary 1.25 million troops 1.25 million troops

26. Russia—Plan G and Plan 19 Plan G assumed a war with only Germany & Austria. It was believed Germany would attack Russia Plan G assumed a war with only Germany & Austria. It was believed Germany would attack Russia Russia would let Germany invade and eventually defeat Germany in the same way Napoleon was defeated in 1812 Russia would let Germany invade and eventually defeat Germany in the same way Napoleon was defeated in 1812 Plan 19 was created in 1910 Plan 19 was created in 1910 Plan 19 was based on Germany invading France so Russia would invade Prussia Plan 19 was based on Germany invading France so Russia would invade Prussia

27. Russia Two Russian armies to go to Prussia, additional armies to be sent against Austria Two Russian armies to go to Prussia, additional armies to be sent against Austria 3 million poorly trained, poorly led and poorly armed troops 3 million poorly trained, poorly led and poorly armed troops Deployment difficult due to poor roads and railroad facilities Deployment difficult due to poor roads and railroad facilities

28. The Trigger… Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Serbia had doubled in size due to the Balkan Wars and was leader of the southern Slavs Serbia had doubled in size due to the Balkan Wars and was leader of the southern Slavs Before… After… Before… After…

29. The Trigger… Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Austria saw the assassination as an opportunity to smash Serbia Austria saw the assassination as an opportunity to smash Serbia Other countries felt outrage and sympathy for Austria, but did not believe would result in war Other countries felt outrage and sympathy for Austria, but did not believe would result in war

30. The Trigger Austria asked Germany for help and was given support for what Germany thought would be a small Balkan War Austria asked Germany for help and was given support for what Germany thought would be a small Balkan War Called the “Blank Check” Called the “Blank Check” Wilhelm then went on vacation Wilhelm then went on vacation

31. Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia Austria waited three weeks before presenting the list of demands to Serbia Austria waited three weeks before presenting the list of demands to Serbia Austria assumed Serbian government involvement in the assassination Austria assumed Serbian government involvement in the assassination Austrian propaganda… Serbia as the terrorist Austrian propaganda… Serbia as the terrorist

32. Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia Germany issued its “blank check” support Germany issued its “blank check” support Serbia accepted all demands but one, gaining support from other countries Serbia accepted all demands but one, gaining support from other countries Serbia rejected Austrian demand for Austria to conduct an investigation into the murders; Serbia was conducting its own investigation. Serbia rejected Austrian demand for Austria to conduct an investigation into the murders; Serbia was conducting its own investigation.

33. Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia Serbia appealed to Russia for help Serbia appealed to Russia for help Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Russia decided to order four military districts to prepare for mobilization… careful to mobilize only on Austria’s border, not on Germany’s border Russia decided to order four military districts to prepare for mobilization… careful to mobilize only on Austria’s border, not on Germany’s border

34. Nicky-Willy Telegrams July 28-August 1, 1914 http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/willynicky.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/willynicky.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/willynicky.htm http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t040829f.html http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t040829f.html http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t040829f.html A series of telegrams between Nicholas II and William II as war was beginning to break out in Europe. A series of telegrams between Nicholas II and William II as war was beginning to break out in Europe. Wilhelm believed that personal ties between monarchs could solve diplomatic issues Wilhelm believed that personal ties between monarchs could solve diplomatic issues Germany fully supported Austria Germany fully supported Austria

35. Nicky-Willy Telegrams The telegrams began cordially, but ended coolly. The telegrams began cordially, but ended coolly. Based on the experience of the Russo- Japanese War, some in the Russian government believed that war would lead to revolution and were anxious to avoid war Based on the experience of the Russo- Japanese War, some in the Russian government believed that war would lead to revolution and were anxious to avoid war Nicholas asked Germany to mediate, which Wilhelm refused to do Nicholas asked Germany to mediate, which Wilhelm refused to do Germany complained about Russia’s partial mobilization and, in the end, used that as their reason to go to war. Germany complained about Russia’s partial mobilization and, in the end, used that as their reason to go to war.

36. Answer the following… The primary reason a country wanted to gain influence and colonies at the end of the 19 th century/beginning of 20 th century was to (a) prove its Great Power status (a) prove its Great Power status (b) provide training opportunities for its military (b) provide training opportunities for its military (c) provide training for native governments (c) provide training for native governments

37. Answer the following… Serbia had doubled in size by 1913, due to the Balkan Wars. Why was this a problem for Austria? (a) A more powerful Serbia would be able to unite Balkan countries together in a new Balkan Union. (a) A more powerful Serbia would be able to unite Balkan countries together in a new Balkan Union. (b) Russia became more combative in the Balkans against Austria (b) Russia became more combative in the Balkans against Austria (c) Serbia wanted to unite all Serbs in a Greater Serbia, including those in other countries, such as Austria (c) Serbia wanted to unite all Serbs in a Greater Serbia, including those in other countries, such as Austria

38. Answer the following… Almost every country had a mobilization plan by the start of 1914. The problem was that (a) no one really wanted to go to war (a) no one really wanted to go to war (b) most plans relied on fallacies and actions of other countries to succeed (b) most plans relied on fallacies and actions of other countries to succeed (c) Great Britain, as “policeman of the world”, was against going to war with Germany (c) Great Britain, as “policeman of the world”, was against going to war with Germany

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