1. Mr C Johnston ICT Teacher www.computechedu.co.uk BTEC IT Unit 09 - Lesson 03 Standards and Technologies

2. What is a standard? Why do we need them? Is there really a need for different technologies?

3. Session Objectives Be able to describe different standards and technologies which are used to enable communication on a network, Be able to determine which standards and technologies are suitable for different types of a network.

4. Network Models The ISO OSI (open systems interconnection) model describes logically how different devices communicate with one another, As long as the standards are adhered to should not matter what platform or device you are using – communication should happen, OSI model has 7 layers each representing a different part of the communication process.

5. OSI Model Application Network Presentation Data Link Session Transport Physical

6. TCP/IP Model The TCP/IP (transport control protocol / internet protocol) cuts the 7 layers of the OSI model down to 4, The protocol allows data packets to be routed and allows intercommunication between LANs and WANs, All communication on the internet makes use of the TCP/IP protocol. Transport Network Application Link

7. File Sending Using TCP-IP Model FileName.exe TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe IP Header TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe IP HeaderEthernet Header TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe IP Header Ethernet Header TCP HeaderPart of FileName.exe IP Header Communication Medium

8. LAN Standards In order for commination to take place successfully the IEEE (institute of electrical and electronic engineers) have defined some standards for LANs. IEEE 802.2 – Logical Link Layer Control (LLC) IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet inc MAC Addressing IEEE 802.5 – Token Ring FDDI – Fibre-Distributed Data Interface

9. Network Access Methods For a device to send data on a network you need to find an available time slice, Token ring networks operate in a “pass the parcel” fashion where each machine waits its turn until the token is free, Problem though with big talkers!!! Ethernet is better as devices send data when they want – however can lead to collisions (device 1 and 2 send data to each other at the same time).

10. Collisions A collisions on a network is where two devices try to sent data to each other at the same time.... To overcome collisions Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access / collision detection) known as the “back off algorithm” to help prevent reoccurring collisions, A similar algorithm CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access / collision aviodance) is used on wireless networks which detects signals before data is sent to help prevent collisions.

11. BTEC Book – Unit 09 p8- 10 BTEC Book – Unit 10 p17- 19 BTEC Book – Unit 09 p8- 10 BTEC Book – Unit 10 p17- 19

12. Wireless Standards There are also a number of different standards for wireless communication – WiFi Most stem from the 802.11 standard including: IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11n IEEE 802.11ac LANs are not the only type of network with wireless capability other wireless technologies you need to know about include: Bluetooth – and its different classes Infrared 3G / 4G

13. BTEC Book – Unit 09 p8- 10 BTEC Book – Unit 10 p17- 19 BTEC Book – Unit 09 p8- 10 BTEC Book – Unit 10 p17- 19

14. WAN Technologies Connection type DSL (digital subscriber line), ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line), Cable broadband WAN structures Frame Relay, ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), MPLS (multi-protocol labelled switching)

15. BTEC Book – Unit 09 p4-6

16. BTEC Book – Unit 10 p4/5 BTEC Book – Unit 10 p14,15,16

17. What is a standard? Why do we need them? Is there really a need for different technologies?