2.  “A man likes his wife to be just clever enough to comprehend his cleverness, and just stupid enough to admire.”  Israel Zangwill  British humorist (1842-1926)

3.  “Nature has given woman so much power that the law cannot afford to give her more.”  Samuel Johnson  18 th century British essayist

4.  “No trust is to be placed in women.”  Homer  Ancient Greek poet

5.  “In childhood a woman must be subject to her father; in youth to her husband; when her husband is dead, to her sons. A woman must never be free of subjugation.”  The Code of Manu  an ancient Hindu collection of rules of conduct in private and social life

6.  “Whoever trusts women plows the winds, sows the deserts of the sea, and writes his memoirs in the snow.”  Paul Flemming  17 th century German poet

7.  “A very little wit is valued in a woman, as we are pleased with a few words spoken plain by a parrot.”  Jonathan Swift  17 th century Anglo-Irish satirist

8.  “A woman, a spaniel, and a walnut tree. The more they’re beaten, the better they be.”  Thomas Fuller  17 th century British churchman and historian

9.  “Women are to be talked to as below men and above children.”  Lord Chesterfield

10.  “Women, destined to be obedient, ought to be disciplined early to bear wrongs without murmuring.”  H.H. Karnes

11.  “Women are nothing but machines for producing children.”  Napoleon I

12.  “Can you recall a woman who ever showed you with pride her library?”  Benjamin Decasseres  20 th century American journalist, critic, essayist and poet

13.  “A learned woman is twice a fool.”  Italian proverb

14.  “Girls begin to talk and to stand on their feet sooner than boys because weeds always grow up more quickly than good crops.”  Martin Luther  16 th century German theologian

15.  “The wife ought not to have any feelings of her own but join with her husband.”  Plutarch  Ancient Greek historian, biographer, and essayist

16.  “Nature intended women to be our slaves.... What a mad idea to demand equality for women!”  Napoleon I

17.  Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, had the intelligence and courage to defy the conventions of her society.

18.  Happily married, mother of six children  Husband allowed her independence and supported her unconventional dress and actions.  They lived in New Orleans. He ran a business.  Widowed at the age of 31.  When he died, she took over his responsibilities and debts.  With her children, she returned to St. Louis to live with her mother and write.

19.  She supported herself and her children with her writing.  Her unconventional heroines and daring subject matter raised many eyebrows.  With the publication of The Awakening in 1899, she was denounced and shunned by friends and acquaintances.  A publisher refused her next work.

20.  After her death in 1904, her work was virtually ignored until it was rediscovered by feminists in the late 1950s.

22.  Marked a profound shift away from the Enlightenment  Inspired by reaction to that period’s concepts of clarity, order, and balance, and by the revolutions in America, France, Poland, Greece.

23.  Expressed › Assertion of the self › Power of the individual › A sense of the infinite › Transcendental nature of the universe  Major themes included › The sublime › Terror › Passion

24.  Writing extolled › The primal power of nature › The spiritual link between nature and man  Writing was often › Emotional › Marked by a sense of liberty › Filled with dreamy contemplations, exotic settings, memories of childhood, scenes of unrequited love, and exiled heroes

25.  An offshoot of the Realistic movement.  They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of war, and the changes in society.  Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface to reveal some universal aspect.  In local color works, setting is integral to the unfolding of theme.  Women local colorists were concerned with the place of women in society and the moral designs called for in life.

26.  Developed as a reaction against Romanticism and stressed the real over the fantastic.  Sought to treat the commonplace truthfully and used characters from everyday life.  Writers probed the recesses of the human mind via an exploration of the emotional landscape of characters.

27.  This emphasis was brought on by societal changes sparked by The Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin, the higher Criticism of the Bible, and the aftermath of the Civil War.

28.  A deeper, more pessimistic literary movement grew out of Realism and stressed the uncaring aspect of nature and the genetic, biological destiny of man.  Naturalists believed that man’s instinctual, basic drives dominated their actions and could not be evaded.  Life was viewed as relentless, without a caring presence to intervene.

29.  Grand Isle and New Orleans are the two settings for this novel.  The story is structured to show how Edna Pontellier gradually “awakens” to her true nature against a backdrop of the rigid moral and social restrictions of conventional 1899 society.

30.  Man vs society—man doesn’t always win  It’s hard to go from possession to human  Claiming oneself—easier said than done 

32.  *“One life is all we have and we live it as we believe in living it. But to sacrifice what you are and to live without belief, that is a fate more terrible than dying.”  Joan of Arc Joan of Arc