1. The Experts of the Excretory System By Dr. Isaac Engelberg and Julia Goldberg, MD

2. Functions of the system Filters body fluids Collects water Concentrates and eliminates waste products from body fluids Gets rid of excretory matter from the body (“The Excretory System”)

3. The Kidney! Renal Vein Renal Artery Ureter Renal Pelvis Medulla Cortex

4. Nitrogenous Waste Products Excretion: removal of nitrogenous matter ( “Nitrogenous Waste”) The body is unable to store amino groups, so they are excreted in the form of either ammonia, urea, or uric acid, depending on the animal. The amino groups are transported to the liver for removal. (“The Excretory System”)

5. Ammonia The addition of a third hydrogen ion to an amino group forms ammonia (NH3) It’s highly toxic and does not require much energy to produce Requires a large amount of water to flush it out of the body That is why ammonia is found in fish and other aquatic animals ((“The Facts About Ammonia”)

6. Urea Produced when NH2 combines with a carbonyl group Requires a large amount of energy Not toxic Excreted by mammals in the form of urine (“Urea”)

7. Uric Acid Requires the most energy out of the three waste products, but it is not very toxic Not soluble in water, and does not require a lot of water to flush it out, so it excreted as feces. Made by reptiles and birds (“Uric Acid-Blood”)

8. Zac Nephron Nephron are structures in kidneys that filter and clean blood. (“Kidney Physiology Terms to Memorize”) Made up of the glomerulus and renal tubules. The renal tubule is where the waste is transferred to and excreted in the form of urine by arterioles. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)

9. Nora Nephron Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Renal Tubule (made up of arterioles) Bowman’s Capsule Nephron Diagram Renal Vein Loop of Henle

10. Nora Nephron Terms filtration — Water and other small molecules is filtered into the nephron reabsorption — Moves helpful substances that are in filtrate back into the bloodstream secretion — Moves harmful substances from the bloodstream into the urine excretion — eventually excreted as urine (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica) (“Kidney Physiology Terms to Memorize”)

11. Kidneys and Homeostasis Hormones are secreted as to maintain homeostasis in the body. The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland and induces hormone secretion Found directly above the kidneys Works with hypothalamus and pituitary to produce mineralocorticoids (including aldosterone) (“Adrenal Glands”)

12. Kidneys and Homeostasis pt. 2 ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) -- regulates how much water is in the blood. (“ADH Secretion” Video) ADH affects the tubules in the kidneys causing more water to be absorbed Hypothalamus detects that too much water has been lost --> sends a message to the pituitary gland → ADH is made (“ADH and Control of the Water Balance”)

13. Kidneys and Homeostasis pt. 3 Aldosterone -- regulates the body’s blood pressure by increasing the amount of sodium in the bloodstream. (“What is Aldosterone?”) Produced in the adrenal gland, and once the body has proper salt levels,aldosterone levels fall. (“Adrenal Glands”) jdjdj It’s made in tandem with renin, a hormone. (“Renin-angiotensin System”)

14. Kidneys and Homeostasis pt. 4 Renin -- constricts arterioles as to raise blood pressure (vasoconstriction) Helps in the secretion of aldosterone which helps the body retain water better Made and secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney (Sargis)

15. Nephrotic Syndrome Caused when there’s too much protein in urine. And also a result of several other diseases: In kids, this is due to minimal change disease -- damage to the blood vessels inside the nephron In adults, this is due to Membranous nephropathy -- thickening of the part of the kidney that filters waste from the blood. (“Nephrotic Syndrome”)

16. Nephrotic Syndrome cont. Symptoms include: swelling of the face, stomach, arms. As well as foamy urine and excess weight gain. This disease is somewhat rare, as there are only 200,000 cases in the world. Treatments include: a low sodium and protein diet, taking vitamin D supplements, and diuretics. This disease is treatable, but if it is left unattended, it can cause long-term effects and many people ultimately end up on dialysis. (“Nephrotic Syndrome”)

17. Full Work Cited In Alphabetical Order “ADH and Control of the Water Balance.” ABPI - Resources for Schools. The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, Web..http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/homeostasis_kidneys/kidneys6.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 "ADH Secretion." Khan Academy. Khan Academy, Web..https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and- medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/adh-secretion "Adrenal Glands." Johns Hopkins Medicine, Based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University, Web.. "Kidney Physiology Terms to Memorize." Kidney Physiology Terms to Memorize. Web..http://faculty.alverno.edu/bowneps/BI%20231%20course%20documents/terms%20to%20know%20lists/Kidney%20t erms%20to%20memorize.htm "Nephrotic Syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 22 Sept. 2015. Web..https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000490.htm "Nitrogenous Waste." Nitrogenous Waste. Web..http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/nitrogenouswaste.html "Renin-angiotensin System." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, Web..http://www.britannica.com/science/renin-angiotensin-system

18. “Renal Pelvis." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, Web..http://www.britannica.com/science/renal-pelvis Sargis, Robert M., M, PhD. "An Overview of the Adrenal Glands."EndocrineWeb. Web..http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-adrenal-glands The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nephron." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 July 2015. Web..http://www.britannica.com/science/nephron "THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM." Excretory System. 2001. Web..https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookEXCRET.html "The Facts About Ammonia." New York Department of Health. New York State, 28 July 2004. Web. 30 May 2016. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm "Urea." The PubChem Project. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Web..https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/urea "Uric Acid - Blood." Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 30 May 2016.. "What Is Aldosterone?" What Is Aldosterone's Function & What Does It Do?The Hormone Health Network, Web..