1. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this subject, the participants will have a general understanding of the following;
Technical definitions about powerplants
Different types of aircraft engines
The basic principles involve in the operation of powerplants
The different components of an aircraft engine and its operation
The different systems of an aircraft engine

2. OUTLINE Introduction Engine Classification Scientific Principles
Components of a Gas Turbine Engine
Engine Systems
Problem Solving

3. Background Aircraft Powerplant 20% Thermodynamics
Internal Combustion Engine
Reciprocating Engine
Jet Engines
ATHODYD
Rocket
Gas Turbine Engine

4. GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCTION
GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS

5. History of jet engines
150 BC - An Egyptian philosopher and mathematician, Hero, invented a toy (Aeolipile) that rotated on top of a boiling pot of water. This caused a reaction effect of hot air or steam that moved several nozzles arranged on a wheel. This works when one understands the Third Law of Motion - Every action produces a reaction ... equal in force and opposite in direction.
Chinese began to use rockets as weapons. The invention of gun powder uses the reaction principle to move rockets forward.
Leonardo da Vinci drew a sketch of a device, the chimney jack, that rotated due to the effect of hot gases flowing up a chimney. It looked like a device that used hot air to rotate a spit. The hot air came from the fire and rose upward to pass through a series of fanlike blades that turned the roasting spit.

6. History of jet engines

7. History of jet engines
Giovanni Branca developed a stamping mill, that used jets of steam to rotate a turbine that then, rotated to operate machinery.
Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage that used a steam jet for power.
Sir Issac Newton announces the three laws of motion. These form the basis for modern propulsion theory.
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

8. History of jet engines
John Barber received the first patent for a basic turbine engine. His design was planned to use as a method of propelling the 'horseless carriage'. The turbine was designed with a chain-driven, reciprocating type of compressor. It has a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine.
Dr. F. Stolze designed the first true gas turbine engine. His engine used a multistage turbine section and a flow compressor. This engine never ran under its own power.
Sir Charles Parson patented a steam turbine was used to power a ship.
Charles Curtis filed the first application for a gas turbine engine.

9. History of jet engines
General Electric company started a gas turbine division. Dr. Stanford A. Moss developed the GE turbosupercharger engine during W.W.I. It used hot exhaust gasses from a reciprocating engine to drive a turbine wheel that in turn drove a centrifugal compressor used for supercharging.
Dr. A. A. Griffith developed a theory of turbine design based on gas flow past airfoils rather than through passages.
Sir Frank Whittle in England patented a design for a gas turbine for jet propulsion. The first successful use of this engine was in April, His early work on the theory of gas propulsion was based on the contributions of most of the earlier pioneers of this field.
The specifications of the first jet engine were:
Airflow = 25 pounds/sec Fuel Consumption = 200/gal/h or 1300 lb/h Thrust = 1000 lb
Specific Fuel consumption = 1300/1000 = 1.3 lb/lb/h

10. History of jet engines
At the same time as Frank Whittle was working in Great Britain, Hans von Ohain and Max Hahn, students in Germany developed and patented their own engine design.
1939 (August) - The aircraft company Ernst Heinkel Aircraft flew the first flight of a gas turbine jet, the HE178.
Sir Frank Whittle designed the first successful turbojet airplane, the Gloster Meteor, flown over Great Britain. Whittle improved his jet engine during the war, and in 1942 he shipped an engine prototype to General Electric in the United States. America's first jet plane was built the following year.
Dr. Franz Anslem developed the axial-flow turbojet, Junkers Jumo 004, used in the Messerschmitt Me 262, the world's first operational jet fighter.

11. Comparison between Jet engines and Reciprocating engines
The main function of any airplane propulsion system is to provide a force to overcome the aircraft drag, this force is called thrust. Both propeller driven aircraft and jet engines derive their thrust from accelerating a stream of air - the main difference between the two is the amount of air accelerated. A propeller accelerates a large volume of air by a small amount, whereas a jet engine accelerates a small volume of air by a large amount.

12. Comparison between Jet engines and Reciprocating engines

13. DEFINITIONS
Powerplant – an aircraft engine and its component parts, and other parts necessary to properly install such engine in an aircraft, but not the propeller (if used).
Aircraft engine – an engine used or intended to be used for propulsion of aircraft and includes all parts, appurtenances and accessories thereof, other than propellers.

14. ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
Heat Engines
Engines that convert heat energy to mechanical energy
TYPES OF COMBUSTION ENGINES (HEAT ENGINES)
1. External Combustion Engine
2. Internal Combustion Engine
TYPES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Reciprocating Engines (RE)
2. Jet Engines
Reaction Engines
Engines that generates thrust by its reaction to the flow in the opposite direction of a mass of air

15. TYPES OF JET ENGINES ATHODYD = Aero-Thermodynamic Ducts Rockets
Gas Turbine Engines

16. TYPES OF JET ENGINES Ramjet
a jet engine in which fuel is burned in a duct with air compressed by the forward motion of the aircraft .

17. TYPES OF JET ENGINES Pulsejet
a ramjet engine in which air, admitted through movable vanes, mixes with fuel in the combustion chamber. The resulting explosion forces the vanes shut, causing a pulsating thrust.

18. TYPES OF JET ENGINES Rocket
an engine that carries both fuel and oxidizer that it burns in a combustion chamber, producing thrust by expelling the expanding hot gases through a nozzle.

19. TYPES OF JET ENGINES Gas Turbine Engine
an internal-combustion engine in which a turbine is turned by hot gases consisting of compressed air and the products of the fuel’s combustion.

20. Scientific Principles
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Bernoulli’s Principle
Boyle’s Law
Brayton Cycle

21. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A body will remain at rest unless a force acts on it.

22. THRUST
What is Thrust?
It is the force that pushes you deep into your seat as you speed down the runway for take-off.
It is the force that propels an airplane forward through the air.

23. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
How is THRUST created?
Balanced forces on an object prevent movement. If forces on an object are the same in all directions the object will not move.

24. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Unbalanced forces cause an object to move.
During operation, a jet engine pushes gases out of the exhaust nozzle. This makes an unbalanced force towards the front of the engine. Unbalanced forces cause jet engines to make thrust.

25. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion states "Force equals mass accelerated (F = ma)."
When a jet engine accelerates air (mass), it makes thrust (force).
When a jet engine moves a small quantity of air, it makes a small quantity of thrust.
When it moves a large quantity of air, it makes a large quantity of thrust.

26. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE

27. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion states "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction."
The ACTION is the jet exhaust going through the jet engine.
The REACTION is the jet engines then moves forward.

28. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE

29. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Jet engine thrust can be increased in two ways:
increase the speed of exhaust gases.
increase the quantity of exhaust gases.
Increased engine thrust will make an aircraft fly faster or with more weight.

30. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli’s Principle
Pressure is inversely proportional to velocity

31. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE

32. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional as long as temperature is kept constant

33. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE
Brayton Cycle

34. JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLE

35. STANDARD DAY CONDITIONS
Standard day conditions are used by engineers when calculating thrust rating.
As air temperature increases, engine output decreases. As air temperature decreases, engine output increases.
As air density increases, engine output increases. As air density decreases, engine output decreases.

36. STANDARD DAY CONDITIONS

37. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)
Turbojet
Turboshaft
Turboprop
Turbofan

38. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)
TURBOJET
a gas turbine engine in which the turbine extracts only the power required to drive the compressor and accessories necessary for continuous operation. The high velocity imparted to the exhaust gases by the exhaust nozzle provides the thrust for propulsion.

39. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)

40. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)
TURBOSHAFT
A gas turbine engine equipped with an output shaft driven by the turbine to drive a rotor, e.g., the main rotor of a helicopter.

41. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)

42. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)
TURBOPROP
a turboshaft engine in which the output shaft drives a propeller.

43. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)

44. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)
TURBOFAN
a gas turbine engine that drives a shrouded fan and causes a portion of the fan airflow to bypass the gas turbine.

45. TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES (GTE)

46. BASIC COMPONENTS Inlet Compressor Combustor Turbine Exhaust Nozzle
Accessories

47. BASIC COMPONENTS Division as Sections (according to function)
Division as Modules (according to method of attachment)

48. INLET
The air inlet is designed to conduct incoming ram air to the compressor with minimal energy loss resulting from drag or ram pressure loss.
The amount of air passing through the engine is dependent upon three factors:
(1.) The compressor speed (rpm)
(2.) The forward speed of the aircraft
(3.) The density of ambient (surrounding) air.

49. COMPRESSORS
The compressor section's primary function is to supply air in sufficient quantity to satisfy the requirements of the combustion burners.
A secondary function of the compressor is to supply bleed air for various purposes in the engine and aircraft.
Airconditioning/Pressurization

50. COMPRESSORS Wing Anti-Icing/Nacelle Anti-Icing
Potable Water Tank Pressurization
Hydraulic Tank Pressurization
Cargo Compartment Heating
Pneumatic Drive Units
Engine Starting
Thrust Reverser Center Drive Unit

51. TYPES OF COMPRESSORS Centrifugal Flow Compressors Impeller Diffuser
Manifold

52. TYPES OF COMPRESSORS
Axial Flow Compressors

53. Axial Flow Compressor Velocity & Pressure Distribution

54. COMBUSTOR
The combustion section houses the combustion process which raises the temperature of the air passing through the engine.
The combustion process releases energy contained in the air-fuel mixture.
The major part of the released energy is required at the turbine to drive the compressor.

55. COMBUSTOR
The remaining energy creates the reaction or propulsion and passes out the rear of the engine in the form of a high-velocity jet.
All combustion chambers contain the same basic elements:
(1.) A casing.
(2.) A perforated inner liner.
(3.) A fuel injection system.
(4.) Some means for initial ignition.

56. TYPES OF COMBUSTOR

57. TYPES OF COMBUSTOR

58. TYPES OF COMBUSTOR

59. TURBINES
The turbine transforms a portion of the kinetic (velocity) enemy of the exhaust gases into mechanical energy to drive the compressor and accessories.
The turbine assembly consists of two basic elements the stator and the rotor, as does the compressor unit.

60. TURBINES

61. TYPES OF TURBINES

62. TYPES OF TURBINES

63. METHODS OF COOLING

64. EXHAUST SECTION
The exhaust section direct the flow of hot gases rearward in such a manner as to prevent turbulence and at the same time impart a high final or exit velocity to the gases.

65. EXHAUST SECTION

66. ACCESSORIES SECTION
The primary function is to provide space for mounting the accessories necessary for the operation and control of the engine. Generally, it also includes accessories concerned with the aircraft such as electric generators and fluid power pumps.
The power for both the engine and aircraft accessories is extracted through a system of gearboxes and shafts.

67. ACCESSORIES SECTION

68. GEARBOX ASSEMBLIES Inlet Gearbox Radial Driveshaft Transfer Horizontal
Accessory
Gearbox

69. Airbus A340 Accessory Drive Section

70. Engine Systems Fuel System Lubrication System Air System
Compressor Control System
Clearance Control System
Cooling System
Ignition System
Starting System

71. Engine Systems Thrust Reverser System Engine Control System
Engine Indication System

72. Engine Fuel Systems Fuel Pump Main Engine Control AGB
Fuel Shut-off Valve
Fuel
Pump
Main
Engine
Control
AGB

73. OIL SYSTEM

74. OIL SUMPS

75. COMPRESSOR CONTROL SYSTEM

76. Variable Bleed Valve & Variable Stator Vane System

77. ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM
During Engine Operation, especially during transients, casing-to-rotor clearances can change rapidly.
Stator & rotor thermal responses are not the same
Rotors tend to be heavier than stators, and require longer times to heat and to cool them.

78. ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM
Stators are usually much more exposed to heating and cooling airflows than are rotors.
To maintain close clearances during cruise, important for good cruise performance, efficiency and SFC, and to keep transient clearances satisfactory for good response, careful rotor-stator coordination has to be done.

79. ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM
Case
Clearance
Rotor
Blade

80. Casing-to-Rotor Blade Clearance Variation During A Transient

81. ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM

82. IGNITION SYSTEM

83. ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM

84. THRUST REVERSER SYSTEM
Thrust reverser supply the aircraft with reverser thrust, on the ground, to decrease the distance necessary to safely stop the aircraft.

85. TYPES OF THRUST REVERSERS
Translating Cowl Type

86. TYPES OF THRUST REVERSERS
Clam Shell Type

87. TYPES OF THRUST REVERSERS
Turboprop Reverse Pitch

88. ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM

89. FEEDBACK SYSTEM

90. ENGINE INDICATING SYSTEM

91. THE END