1. Ms. Seetin

2. Do-Now Today we will be discussing/learning about “The Age of the Railroads” …what name might you give to the present age? (Consider the technology that exerts the most influence on all aspects of American life)

3. Schedule Do-Now Notes: The Age of Railroads “The Muscle that Built the Rail” Reading and Questions Notes: part 2- Settlers Move Westward NEXT CLASS- Bring at least 2 colored pencils/ crayons

4. Transcontinental railroad: a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869

5. Settlers Move Westward From 1850 to 1871, the federal government made huge land grants to the railroads-170 million acres. Worth half a billion dollars-for laying track in the West.

6. A Race to Complete Progress was slow initially, but the pace quickened with the end of the Civil War. In the 1860s, two companies began a race to lay track. These two companies were the Union Pacific Company and the Central Pacific Company. The Central Pacific moved eastward from Sacramento and the Union Pacific moved westward from Omaha.

8. Which RR is in red? Which RR is in blue?

9. Who Worked on the Railroads?

10. Who Worked On the Railroads? Civil War Veterans, Irish and Chinese immigrants, African Americans and Mexican Americans did most of the grueling labor. In late 1868, workers for the Union Pacific cut their way through the solid rock of the mountains, laying up to eight miles of track a day.

11. A Grand Event!

12. Finally the two sets of railroad tracks were joined and the continent united with elaborate ceremony at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869. The impact was immediate and dramatic. Travel time between America's east and west coasts was reduced from months to less than a week.

14. Opportunities and Opportunists The growth of the railroads influenced the industries and businesses in which Americans worked. Iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass industries grew rapidly as they tried to keep pace with the railroads. By linking previously isolated cities, towns, and settlements, the railroads promoted trade and interdependence.

15. Pullman In 1880, George M. Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. A sleeper is a railroad passenger car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds of one kind or another, primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful.

17. Pullman's Business Model Rather than selling his sleeping cars to the railroad companies or individuals, Pullman leased them. He was thus able to collect "rent" every time the railways charged premium rates for the luxury accommodations. He later built a town, named after himself, near Chicago, where many of his employees were expected to rent housing from his company, pay for city water and shop in stores he owned. Pullman created his company town out of the desire for control and profit.

18. “The Muscle that Built the Rail” Read first page together About 30 minutes to read and complete.

19. Do-Now (1 st Period) A. Dawes Act B. George M. Pullman C. Battle of Wounded Knee D. Sitting Bull E. Treaty of Fort Laramie 1. (1868) which placed the Sioux in a reservation along the Missouri River 2. Teton Dakota Indian chief under whom the Sioux tribes united in their struggle for survival on the North American Great Plains. 3. (1887), purpose was to try to “Americanize ” the Native Americans. Broke up reservations and giving land to individual Native Americans. 4. (1890) brought the Indian war, and an era- to a bitter end. 5. Built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars

20. Part II: Settling on the Great Plains Another powerful attraction of the West was the land itself. In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, offering 160 acres of land free to any citizen of intended citizen who was head of the household. Several thousand settlers were exodusters-African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas

23. Government Support for Settlement Despite the massive response by homesteaders, or settlers, private speculators and railroad used this law for their own gain only about 10% of the land was actually settled by families for whom it was intended. Therefore, the government strengthened the Homestead Act and passed more legislation to encourage settlers.

24. Government Support for Settlement In 1889, a major land giveaway in Oklahoma attracted thousands of people. In less than one day, land hungry settlers claimed 2 million acres in a massive land rush. Some took possession of the land before the government officially declared it open.

25. Because these settlers claimed land sooner than they were supposed to, Oklahoma came to be known as……. The Sooner State.

26. Challenges of the Plains Name some challenges that frontier settlers may have faced? droughts Floods Fires Blizzards Locust plagues Occasional raids by outlaws or Native Americans

27. Settlers in the Plains Since trees were scarce, most settlers built their homes from the land itself. Dugouts- many pioneers dug their homes into the sides of ravines or small hills. Soddy- freestanding houses made by stacking blocks of prairie turf.

31. Technical Support for Farmers In 1837, John Deere invented the steel plow In 1847,Cyrus McCormick began to mass produce a reaping machine. In 1874, barbed wire to fence in the land In 1830, producing a bushel of grain took about 183 minutes. By 1900, with the use of these machines, it took only 10 minutes.

34. Agricultural Education The federal government supported farmers by financing agricultural education. The Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments

35. Farmers in Debt Elaborate machinery was expensive and farmers often has to borrow money to buy it. This situation gave rise to a new type of farming in the late 1870s. Big companies (railroads) or groups of investors created bonanza farms- enormous single- crop spreads, mostly growing and harvesting wheat.

36. Quick-Quiz- Quick-Quiz- Choose 3 questions to answer 1. What was the Dawes Act? (Explain) 2. Describe what Indian Schools such as the Carlisle Industrial School would do to “Americanize” students? 3. What was the battle that brought the era of Indian wars to an end? 4. What were the names of the two railroad companies that raced, forming the first transcontinental railroad? 5. What was the Homestead Act? (Explain) 6. Define exodusters? Don’t forget to TURN IN!!!!

37. Next class Bring at least 2 colored pencils/ crayons/ etc. If you would like them for a map exercise.

38. Crash Course History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ZAR8tTjyg