1. 1860-1900

3. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

4. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

5. Americanization Government policy for Native Americans to abandon their culture and adopted white America culture Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools built for Native American children – Only English spoken – Only Western (white) clothing allowed

6. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

7. Dawes Act-1887 1.Break up tribes as a social unit 2.Encourage individual homesteads for Native Americans 3.Increase Native American farming 4.Reduce the cost of native administration 5.Secure parts of reservations as Indian land 6.Open the remaining reservation land to white settlers for profit

14. ProspectingProspecting

15. Mining Centers: 1900

16. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)

17. Mining (“Boom”) Towns-- Now Ghost Towns Calico, CA

19. TheCattleTrailsTheCattleTrails

20. Land Use: 1880s

21. New Agricultural Technology “Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

22. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

24. Demand For Beef Demand for beef in the East rises A steer in Texas costs $4, in the North=$40 Cattle drivers would bring cattle to railroads to be shipped to meatpacking cities such as Chicago

25. Ranching As A Big Business Between 1882 and 1886 more than 400 cattle corporations sprang up in the West Most were backed by eastern U.S. and European investors

26. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

27. Homestead Act Gave applicant ownership of land at little to no cost Immigrants, farmers with no land, single women and former slaves could all apply Homesteader had to be – Head of household – At least 21 years old – Live on designated land – Build a home – Make improvements – Farm land for minimum for 5 years

28. Oklahoma Land Run of 1889

30. Regional Population Distribution by Race: 1900

32. Black “Exoduster” Homesteader s

33. Blacks Moving West

34. Immigrants Scandinavians to the North! – Example: Little House on the Prairie – Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan – Woodsmen Germans – Farmers Irish – Railroads! East to West

35. The “Chinese Question”  Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion Act - Chinese Exclusion Act