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Rr RRRRr r rr. Heredity Passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring Genetics The scientific study of heredity.

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Presentation on theme: "Rr RRRRr r rr. Heredity Passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring Genetics The scientific study of heredity."— Presentation transcript:

1 Rr RRRRr r rr

2 Heredity Passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring Genetics The scientific study of heredity

3 Gregor Mendel

4 Born in 1822 Studied science and mathematics in Vienna Became a priest – taught science Managed monastery garden

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6 Studied true–breeding pea plants Always pass characteristics to their offspring when self - pollinate Tall plants have tall offspring, and green pods produce green pods

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8 SELF-POLLINATION : pollen fertilizes egg on the same flower (how most normally reproduce) CROSS-POLLINATION : pollen on 1 plant fertilizes egg on another plant (2 parents, what Mendel did)

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10 Trait: characteristics that vary from one individual to another Ex: shape, color, height Each trait has 2 types (round vs. wrinkled, or yellow vs. green)

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12 GENE - chemical factor that determines traits Allele - different forms of a gene Mendel found 2 alleles for each pea plant

13 T t

14 DOMINANT  A trait that you observe  Shown with a capital letter  EX: T = tall recessive  A trait that vanishes  Shown with a lower case letter  EX: t = short

15 Tall = TT or Tt Short = tt

16 Phenotype - Phenotype - outward/ physical appearance of an organism Ex: tall vs. short Genotype - Genotype - genetic combination of an organism Ex: TT, Tt or tt

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18 Homozygous The two alleles are the same EX: TT or tt Heterozygous The two alleles are different EX: Tt

19 F 1 Generation

20 F 1 Generation Mendel crossed two pea plants with opposite traits to produce hybrids Hybrid - offspring of parents with different traits Trait of only one parent is seen

21 F 2 Generation

22 F 2 Generation Cross the plants of the F 1 generation Trait that disappeared in the F 1 generation reappears (only seen ¼ th of the time)

23 The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment

24 Segregation –P–Process that separates the two alleles (ex: Tt) of a gene during gamete formation (meiosis) Independent Assortment –g–genes are inherited independently of each other

25 Selective breeding Allowing only those plants and animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation of offspring (ex: farm crops, livestock and pets)

26 Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms (ex: horse and donkey to produce a mule)

27 Inbreeding Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics (usually related members of a species) 1.Preserves traits of the species 2.Increased chance of inheriting recessive genes (causes genetic diseases/disorders)

28 Genetic Engineering Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism Transgenic Contains genes from other species (Ex: human insulin produced by bacteria)

29 Clone Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

30 Karyotype Picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs 1.sex chromosomes – pair #23 that determine the sex of an individual (XX or XY) 2.autosomes (autosomal chromosomes) – the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

31 Pedigree Chart which shows the relationships within a family (used to help determine if a trait will be passed on)


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