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Published byAvice Fitzgerald Modified over 8 years ago
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Heredity Passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring Genetics The scientific study of heredity
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Gregor Mendel
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Born in 1822 Studied science and mathematics in Vienna Became a priest – taught science Managed monastery garden
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Studied true–breeding pea plants Always pass characteristics to their offspring when self - pollinate Tall plants have tall offspring, and green pods produce green pods
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SELF-POLLINATION : pollen fertilizes egg on the same flower (how most normally reproduce) CROSS-POLLINATION : pollen on 1 plant fertilizes egg on another plant (2 parents, what Mendel did)
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Trait: characteristics that vary from one individual to another Ex: shape, color, height Each trait has 2 types (round vs. wrinkled, or yellow vs. green)
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GENE - chemical factor that determines traits Allele - different forms of a gene Mendel found 2 alleles for each pea plant
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T t
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DOMINANT A trait that you observe Shown with a capital letter EX: T = tall recessive A trait that vanishes Shown with a lower case letter EX: t = short
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Tall = TT or Tt Short = tt
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Phenotype - Phenotype - outward/ physical appearance of an organism Ex: tall vs. short Genotype - Genotype - genetic combination of an organism Ex: TT, Tt or tt
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Homozygous The two alleles are the same EX: TT or tt Heterozygous The two alleles are different EX: Tt
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F 1 Generation
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F 1 Generation Mendel crossed two pea plants with opposite traits to produce hybrids Hybrid - offspring of parents with different traits Trait of only one parent is seen
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F 2 Generation
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F 2 Generation Cross the plants of the F 1 generation Trait that disappeared in the F 1 generation reappears (only seen ¼ th of the time)
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The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment
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Segregation –P–Process that separates the two alleles (ex: Tt) of a gene during gamete formation (meiosis) Independent Assortment –g–genes are inherited independently of each other
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Selective breeding Allowing only those plants and animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation of offspring (ex: farm crops, livestock and pets)
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Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms (ex: horse and donkey to produce a mule)
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Inbreeding Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics (usually related members of a species) 1.Preserves traits of the species 2.Increased chance of inheriting recessive genes (causes genetic diseases/disorders)
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Genetic Engineering Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism Transgenic Contains genes from other species (Ex: human insulin produced by bacteria)
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Clone Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
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Karyotype Picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs 1.sex chromosomes – pair #23 that determine the sex of an individual (XX or XY) 2.autosomes (autosomal chromosomes) – the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes
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Pedigree Chart which shows the relationships within a family (used to help determine if a trait will be passed on)
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