1. Do Now
Draw some animals in their natural habitat. Include as many living and non-living environmental features as possible.
In your drawing, be sure to illustrate how each aspect is interacting

2. Chapter 3 Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work?
Chapter 3.1: What is Ecology

3. Core Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing
Cover about 2% of the earth’s land surface
Contain about 50% of the world’s known plant and animal species
Disruption will have three major harmful effects
Reduce biodiversity
Accelerate global warming
Change regional weather patterns

4. Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest
Bolivia 1975
2003

5. 3-1 What Is Ecology?
Concept 3-1 Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment of matter and energy.

6. Cells Are the Basic Units of Life
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane bound, nucleus, genetic DNA
Prokaryotic cell
No distinct nucleus, no internal membranes
Ex: bacteria

7. Structure of a Eukaryotic Call and a Prokaryotic Cell

8. Species Make Up the Encyclopedia of Life
Group of sexually reproducing organisms
1.75 Million species identified
Insects make up most of the known species
Perhaps 10–14 million species not yet identified

9. How are living things categorized?
Classification
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Binominal nomenclature
Linnaeus

10. What do a mule and a liger have in common?

11. Ecologists Study Connections in Nature
Ecology
Study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic) environment, other organisms and with non living (abiotic) environment
What are abiotic elements?
Soil, water, air, matter, energy

12. Levels or Organization

13. Levels of organization
Population
Group of individuals of same species living in the same place at the same time
Ex: mice in a field, people in a country…
Genetic diversity varies slightly

14. Population of Glassfish in the Red Sea & Diversity in Snails

15. Habitat Place where population or organism lives
What are the habitat requirements of various organisms?

16. Community
All populations of different species living in a particular place

17. Ecosystem
Community of different species interacting with one another and their biotic and abiotic environment
Vary in size
Natural or artificial
No clear boundaries
Not isolated from one another
Biosphere
Where life is found

19. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Cell Molecule Atom
Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found
A community of different species
interacting with one another and with their
nonliving environment of matter and energy
Ecosystem
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place
Organism
An individual living being
The fundamental structural and functional unit of life
Figure 3.3
Some levels of organization of matter in nature. Ecology focuses on the top five of these levels. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
Cell
Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
Molecule
Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties
Atom
Fig. 3-3, p. 52

20. Mini Activity…
Pick your favorite living thing or one that you are most familiar with. Draw a picture to illustrate the levels or organization for that species.
Be sure to identify the levels or organization

22. Importance of Insects

23. Science Focus: Have You Thanked the Insects Today?
Pollinators
Eat other insects
Loosen and renew soil
Reproduce rapidly
Very resistant to extinction

24. What is happening to the bumblebee?
Silence of the Bees

25. Chapter 3.2 What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Do Now:
What do you need to survive?
Pick and organism and list what it needs to survive?

26. 3-2 What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive?
Concept 3-2 Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere, the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity.

27. The Earth’s Life-Support System Has Four Major Components
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere

28. Natural Capital: General Structure of the Earth

29. Life Exists on Land and in Water
Biomes
Large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapted to them

30. Aquatic life zones Freshwater life zones Marine life zones
Lakes and streams
Marine life zones
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Deep ocean

31. Major Biomes along the 39th Parallel in the U.S.

32. Three Factors Sustain Life on Earth
One-way flow of high-quality energy beginning with the sun
High quality energy can’t be recycled
Laws of thermodynamics
Cycling of matter or nutrients
Closed system
Gravity
Holds onto atmosphere

33. What Happens to Solar Energy Reaching the Earth?

34. UV, visible, and infrared energy Radiation
Absorbed by ozone
Absorbed by the earth
Reflected by the earth
Radiated by the atmosphere as heat
Natural greenhouse effect

35. Ch 3.3: What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem?
Do Now: What factors limit the growth of coral? What happens when the conditions for ideal growth are not met?

36. 3-3 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem?
Concept 3-3A Ecosystems contain living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components.
Concept 3-3B Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others get their nutrients by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producers by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.

38. Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components
Abiotic
Water
Air
Nutrients
Rocks
Heat
Solar energy
Biotic
Living and once living

39. Range of Tolerance

40. Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms
INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE

42. Factors That Limit Population Growth
The physical conditions of the environment can limit the distribution of a species.
Figure 3-12

43. Several Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth
Limiting factor principle
Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance

44. What are the limiting factors for each picture?
Ex: precipitation, nutrients, temperature, sunlight, dissolved oxygen, salinity

46. Producers and Consumers Are the Living Components of Ecosystems (1)
Producers, autotrophs
Photosynthesis
(6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chemosynthesis
Without sunlight, hydrothermal vents (Hydrogen sulfide)
Ex: green plants, algae, phytopankton
Saprotrophs

47. Consumers, heterotrophs Primary (herbivores) Secondary (carnivores)
Ex: rabbits, grasshoppers, deer, zooplankton
Secondary (carnivores)
Spiders, frogs, some fish
Third and higher level (feed on other carnivores)
Lions, wolves, killer whale, hawks

48. Omnivore Decomposers Plants & animals Pigs, fox, humans
Final breakdown
Bacteria, fungi

49. Detritivores
Feed on detritus (waste or dead remains of other living things)
Earthworms, some insects

50. -breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
-breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration, fermentation
Absence of oxygen
End products: methane, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide

51. Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling Sustain Ecosystems and the Biosphere
One-way energy flow
Nutrient cycling of key materials

52. The Main Structural Components of an Ecosystem

53. 3-4 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem?
Concept 3-4A Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs.
Concept 3-4B As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases.

54. Food Webs & Energy Flow
Food chains involve a sequence of organisms, each of which is the food for the next.
**ARROW DIRECTION SHOWS FLOW OF ENERGY!!!
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

55. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems in Food Chains and Food Webs
Sequence of organisms serving as good source or energy for next

56. Food web
Complex network of interconnected food chains

57. Food Web Activity
Online Food Web Practice

58. Usable Energy Decreases with Each Link in a Food Chain or Web
Biomass
Dry weight of all organic matter in the organisms
Chemical NRG stored as biomass
Ecological efficiency
Percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one tropic level to the next
Average efficiency10%

59. Pyramid of energy flow
Why can the earth support more people if we eat at a lower tropic level?

60. Some Ecosystems Produce Plant Matter Faster Than Others Do
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Rate at which producers convert solar NRG into chemical NRG as biomass
Net primary productivity (NPP)
Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use some of the energy in aerobic respiration
NPP = GPP - R

61. What are nature’s three most productive and 3 least productive systems?

62. 3-6: How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?
Do Now: How are the scientists in the following pictures conducting research? What kind of data do you think they are collecting? How will this data be used?

63. 3-6 How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?
Concept 3-6 Scientists use field research, laboratory research, and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems.

64. Some Scientists Study Nature Directly
Field research: “muddy-boots biology”
New technologies available
Remote sensors
Geographic information system (GIS) software
Digital satellite imaging

66. Some Scientists Study Ecosystems in the Laboratory
Simplified systems carried out in
Culture tubes and bottles
Aquaria tanks
Greenhouses
Indoor and outdoor chambers
Supported by field research

67. Some Scientists Use Models to Simulate Ecosystems
Computer simulations and projections
Field and laboratory research needed for baseline data