2. 1 The “New Woman” Pre-War Changes to women’s lives

3. 2 What will I learn?  Pre-war changes to women’s lives in employment, education and local politics.  What is meant by the concept of the “new woman”.

4. 3 Women’s lives were changing prior to WW1. For example, changes in the law, more education and better jobs meant that women wanted the vote and they felt they were more deserving of it. Men began to talk about ‘The New Woman’.

5. 4 Separate Spheres  Life was changing for SOME women before 1914.  The concepts of ‘separate spheres’ and a ‘women’s place’ were breaking down a little.

6. 5 Jobs  Still denied better paid and more interesting male jobs.  New white collar/office jobs opening up for women – eg. clerical or typing.  Analysis – New white collar jobs gave women sense of responsibility and they now had ambitions. Some women wanted to improve their opportunities and sought the vote in an attempt to achieve this.

7. 6 Education  With compulsory education at primary/elementary level in late nineteenth century – schools were opening for girls. 349 secondary/grammar schools were opened by 1914.  Most universities allowed women to enter but denied them degrees.  Colleges opened just for women – eg. Girton College 1869.  Analysis – As women became better educated, they were no longer viewed as “too stupid” to vote – they were now thought to be more deserving of the vote.

8. 7 Laws  Changes to the law had helped some women.  Married Women’s Property Acts 1870 and 1882.  Allowed women to legally be the rightful owners of the money they earned and allowed them to own and control their own property.  Analysis – As the law was beginning to improve the rights of women – women believed that their rights could now be improved further by gaining the right to vote.

9. 8 Politics  Women were denied the vote in parliamentary elections but were allowed to vote and take part in local authority elections.  1869 – allowed to vote in local council elections.  1870 – women were allowed to join school boards.  1894 – women were allowed to stand as candidates in local elections.

10. 9 Politics Analysis  Women had shown they could be successful in participating in local elections and were annoyed that they could not be trusted with this responsibility at national level.  Women were joining political parties such as the Conservative Party’s Primrose League 1883 or the Women’s Liberal Federation 1887.  Women were fed up with the two big parties not helping them.  Professor Yeo argues that this led to the Suffragists being formed.

11. 10 Main Analysis Point  As argued by historian Paula Bartley, changes in women’s lives to do with jobs, education and voting in local elections made them seem better prepared to vote in national elections.  However, many men believed that women were still not ready for the vote. This led to the formation of women’s suffrage societies.