1. Computer Architecture Organization and Architecture www.bscshelp.com

2. Lecture Overview  This course of Computer Architecture  Aims of this course  Structures and Functions of a system  Basic Functions of a system  Different functional views  Simplified structure of a system  Structural view of different components

3. Organization and Architecture  Computer Organization  It is the way hardware components operate and they are connected to form the computer system.  Computer Architecture  It is the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It includes the information formats, the instruction set, and techniques for addressing memory.

4. Organization and Architecture  Organization is how features are implemented, typically hidden from the programmer.  Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.  Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

5. Why it is important to learn this course?  To understand the structure and operation of computers and how these impact on performance and program design.  To understand the tradeoffs among various components such as CPU clock speed & memory size.  To appreciate the impact of technology trends and market forces upon computer design.  To make informed computer design, infrastructure development, and purchasing decisions

6. Aims of this Course  Learn the concepts discussed in the Course  Develop a deeper understanding of computer systems  as a foundation for lifelong study of computer systems design.  Practice professional skills in design and analysis, project management, and presentation

7. Main Topics to be covered  Introduction  Computer Evolution/Performance  Computer Memories, Cache Memory, Internal Memory, External  Memory  Instruction Sets: Addressing modes, Formats, Functions  Processor Structure & Function : Instruction cycle, pipelining  RISC  Instruction Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors  Parallel Processing  Multicore Computers  Micro-programmed Control

8. Is CA really important? The computer lies at the heart of computing. Without it most of the computing disciplines today would be a branch of theoretical mathematics. To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer as just a black box that executes programs by magic. All students of computing should acquire some understanding and appreciation of a computer system's functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their interactions. There are practical implications as well. Students need to understand computer architecture in order to structure a program so that it runs more efficiently on a real machine. In selecting a system to use, they should to able to understand the tradeoff among various components, such as CPU clock speed vs. memory size. (IEEE/ACM Computer Curricula )

9. Lecture Overview  Hierarchical nature of a complex system  Structures and Functions of a system  Basic Functions of a system  Different functional views  Simplified structure of a system  Structural view of different components

10. Hierarchical Nature of Complex Systems  Each level of system hierarchy consists of set of components and their interrelationships  Operation of components  Function  Interrelation of components  Structure  Each successively higher layer describes simplified/more abstract view of lower levels

11. Structures and Functions  Structure is the way in which components relate to each other.  Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure.

12. Basic Functions of a system  Data Processing: the carrying out of operations on data, especially by a computer, to retrieve, transform, or classify information.  Data may take a wide variety of forms and range of processing requirements.  Data Storage: is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data.  Temporary and long term storage during different operations.  Data Movement  Movement of date between I/O and long distance data communication.  Control  Control of the above mentioned three functions.

13. Functional View  Data Movement  Input from Keyboard to Monitor

14. Functional View  Data Storage  Copy or download to a disk

15. Functional View  Data Processing  Updating a file or data

16. Functional View  Data Processing  Processing from storage to I/O