1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. The Middle East in 1914

3. Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

4. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

5. The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

6. The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks Br. General Edmund Allenby

7. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty ’ s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine …

8. Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

9. The League of Nations Mandates

10. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!  Prince Faisal  “ ruler ” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ ruler ” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.  Prince Faisal  “ ruler ” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ ruler ” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

11. Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

12. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938)

13. Ataturk’s Reform Program  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur ’ an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.  Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.  Secularism  Qur ’ an in Turkish translation.  Adoption of a republican constitution and a Swiss civil code.  Westernization & nationalism:  Compulsory, secular education.  Banning the fez.  Western [Roman] script.  Western clothing.  Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

14. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in 1908.  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in 1908.  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

15. Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!”  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929.  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929.  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

16. Rezah Khan (1877-1944)  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

17. Reforms in Iran  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.

18. The Middle East Between the Wars

20. Essential Question: How did Britain ’ s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

21. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

22. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew.  In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.  By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “ country! ”

23. British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

24. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “ Make the Desert Bloom! ”  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “ Make the Desert Bloom! ”

25. 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [ “ Slaughter All the Jews! ” ] Jewish 19191,806 19208,223 19218,294 19228,685 19238,175 192413,892 192534,386 192613,855 19273,034 19282,178 19295,249 19304,944 Immigration 19314,075 193212,533 193337,337 193445,267 193566,472 193629,595 193710,629 193814,675 193931,195 194010,643 19414,592

26. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “ general representative government. ”  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “ general representative government. ” Their Goals:

27. The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

28. British White Paper of 1939  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

29. The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW 2

30. The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During WW2

31. Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

32. Aliyah Bet  Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.  The Exodus, 1947.  Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.  The Exodus, 1947.

33. Palestine Population in 1946

34. British “Detention” Camps in Cyprus : 1946-1948

35. Jewish “Freedom Fighters” (or “Terrorists”?) Irgun Zvai Leumi [Natl. Military Org.] Avraham Stern & The Stern Gang

36. U. N. Partition Plan of 1947