1. Section 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union. NEXT

2. Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy Problems Develop Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly SECTION 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union A Younger Leader Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984 Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies Glasnost Promotes Openness To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed Image

3. NEXT Reforming the Economy and Politics Economic Restructuring People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive SECTION 3 Democratization Opens the Political System In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature Foreign Policy Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.

4. NEXT The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil Ethnic Revolts Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics SECTION 3 Continued... Lithuania Defies Gorbachev In 1990, Lithuania declares independence Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin

5. NEXT The August Coup In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses continued The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil SECTION 3 Image End of the Soviet Union Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States Map

6. NEXT Russia Under Boris Yeltsin Yeltsin Faces Problems Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market system New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles SECTION 3 Chechnya Rebels In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin

7. NEXT Russia Under Vladimir Putin Troubles Continue in Chechnya Fighting drags on in Chechnya In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die SECTION 3 Economic, Political, and Social Problems Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics Social problems include homelessness, unemployment Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy

8. NEXT Section 4 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

9. NEXT Changes in Central and Eastern Europe The Rise of Solidarity Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity— Polish labor union Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero SECTION 4 Poland and Hungary Reform Continued... Solidarity Defeats Communists Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland

10. NEXT Poland Votes Out Walesa Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out continued Poland and Hungary Reform SECTION 4 Hungarian Communists Disband In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999 Poland Under Kwasniewski Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995 Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy

11. NEXT Germany Reunifies Resistance to Change East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria Fall of the Berlin Wall East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed SECTION 4 Continued... Image

12. NEXT Reunification Reunification—merging of the two Germanys— achieved in 1990 continued Germany Reunifies SECTION 4 A New Chancellor In 1998, Kohl voted out of office New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving economy Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying Germany’s Challenges East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes

13. NEXT Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Reforms In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy Tough government crackdown sparks more protests By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected president Czechoslovakia Breaks Up Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia SECTION 4

14. NEXT Overthrow in Romania A Popular Uprising In late 1989, Romania’s leader has army shoot protestors This action prompts major revolt and collapse of Communist rule Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and wife executed Christmas Day, 1989 The Romanian Economy Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands But Government begins moving toward market economy SECTION 4

15. NEXT The Breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic Problems Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics A Bloody Breakup Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government SECTION 4 Image Continued... Map

16. NEXT Rebellion in Kosovo In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw continued The Breakup of Yugoslavia SECTION 4 The Region Faces Its Problems Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future