1. The need for developing cheaper strategies for controlling tsetse flies in collaboration with Livestock Keepers By Kelvin Ngongolo 1,2, Elifuraha Barnabas 2,3 1 University of Dodoma, Department of Conservation Biology Box 338, Dodoma 2 The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, TANZANIA 3 Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Pathology Corresponding author: kelvinkngongolo@yahoo.comkelvinkngongolo@yahoo.com Presentation at Tanzania Veterinary Association, December, 2015

2. INTRODUCTION Livestock productivity in many parts of the tropics including Tanzania is limited by vector-borne diseases including trypanosomiasis which is transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (FAO, 1998). Livestock production potential areas in TZ is limited by high tsetse fly density e.g Maasai ecosystem (Salekwa et al., 2014, Malele et al., 2011). Hence controlling methods for tsetse flies is needed.

4. Control Methods Available Vz Limitation Methods for controlling tsetse flies among others, they includes;  the use of insecticides spraying  clearing bushes,  Slaughter of wild animals,  Trapping and  the use of Sterile Insect Technique

5. The use of insecticides spraying

6. E.g, aerial spraying of insecticide, Target to kill the tsetse flies. Side effects  Not selective (can kill even the important species).  Expensive for the large area.  High technology for livestock keeper(like aerial spraying).

7. Clearing bushes

8.  large-scale clearing of bush and vegetation where tsetse fly rested,  thus denying them shelter, (Case of Botswana) Negative effects De-vegetation, deforestation and environmental effect in general. Habitat destruction Costly for local communities

9. Bush clearing= Loss of Biodiversity Case of Kichi forest Rufiji, Bush clearing Reduced Insects diversity, P <0.05 Reduced Ecosystem Services: eg. pollination

10. Games Slaughtering?

11. Slaughter of wild animals  Elimination of wild game animals which provided the natural food source of the fly (Done in Botswana). Negative effects  Environmental effects (ecosystems).  Conflict Ecologists Vz Controllers  Expensive.

12. Trapping

13.  Traps such as the odour-bait technique  Monitoring and effectively controlled using simple traps.  These often use blue cloth, since this color attracts the fliesLimitation  Ineffective for large area e.g Selous ecosystem, Maasai Ecosystem

14. The use of Sterile Insect Technique  The use of ionizing radiation (gamma ray or X. ray) to sterilize male flies.  Very effective compared to insecticide use.  1994 to 1997 on the Island of Unguja, Zanzibar.  confirmed insect free by 2015(Department of Veterinary Services of Zanzibar).  Limitation; Expensive, high technology to farmers

15. WHY WE NEED CHEAPER STRATEGIES The available methods are expensive. The available methods are expensive. Need high technology, Need high technology, Need help of scientist and technicians to implement. Need help of scientist and technicians to implement. Need governmental or external for implementation support Need governmental or external for implementation support Sustainability of implementation is question, money resource is limited. Sustainability of implementation is question, money resource is limited.

16. HOW TO IMPLEMENTS  Work at the grassroots with livestock keepers.  Farmers are Adapted some strategies techniques.  Down-up approach and can be adopted by livestock keepers.  This technique involves Livestock keepers.  However there is still a need to explore the local communities techniques (IK) used for controlling tsetse flies in Tanzania

17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1.Bill and Melinda Gate foundation through PEHPL Project 2.NM-AIST 3.UDOM