1. Prepare your notebook for Cornell Notes
Cell Energy
ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Prepare your notebook for Cornell Notes

2. CHAPTER 9.1- ATP

3. I. Energy
Energy is essential for life. All living organisms must be able to obtain energy from the environment they live in.
Plants are able to trap the light energy in sunlight and store it to use when necessary. (Autotrophs)
Animals obtain energy from plants or other animals that eat plants. (Heterotrophs)
Energy is stored in chemical bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

4. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the molecule is broken down. P P P
Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P
Adenosine

5. II. ATP Cycle
A. ATP is composed of an adenosine molecule with 3 phosphates.
(draw the structure)
B. Phosphates groups are charged particles – charged particles with the same charge don’t like being next to each other.
C. When the bond between the ADP and ATP is broken energy is released

6. III. AMP, ADP, ATP Cycle Adenosine monophosphate – has 1 phosphate
Adenosine diphosphate - has 2 phosphates
Adenosine triphosphate – has 3 phosphates

7. IV. What is ATP used for?
Provide energy for muscle cells (muscle contraction)
Active transport (review: movement of molecules from low to high concentrations)
Transport molecules and proteins through the plasma membrane.
Making and moving molecules through the body systems

8. Question A. AMP B. ADP C. ATP D. ACP
A molecule of adenosine that has one phosphate group bonded to it is ______.
(TX Obj 2; 4B)
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. ACP

9. Question Which type of cells would have the most ATP in them?
A. Nerve Cells
B. Brain Cells
C. Bone Cells
D. Muscle Cells
Why do you think so?

10. Photosynthesis Chapter 9.2

11. Vocabulary
1. ___photosynthesis____ – the process by which autotrophs (plants) convert sunlight (radiant energy) to a usable form of energy (chemical energy).
Supports most of the life on earth
Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis contain chemicals called pigments.

12. Pigments
2. ____Chlorophyll__– important photosynthetic pigment found in the chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll absorbs all the wavelengths of light except green (that is why most plants look green)

13. Chloroplast
3. ______chloroplast______ – an organelle that performs photosynthesis
A photosynthetic cell contains anywhere from one to several thousand chloroplasts

14. Equation for Photosynthesis:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy  C6 H 12 O O2
Write in words the formula for photosynthesis…
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

15. Photosynthesis in a NUT SHELL

16. Light Reactions
The light reactions, also known as light dependent reactions, convert energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. These reactions must take place in the light, inside chloroplast of plants specifically the thylakoids of the chloroplasts.

17. Dark Reactions
Make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). This reaction cycle is also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast. ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the CO2(carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates.
Light is not required for these reactions to occur.

19. Question A. cellular respiration B. glycolysis C. photosynthesis
The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is ________. (TX Obj 2; 4B, 8C
TX Obj 3; 9D)
A. cellular respiration
B. glycolysis
C. photosynthesis
D. photolysis

20. Chapter 9.3 – Cellular Respiration

21. Warm-up (copy in your notebook)
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food made (glucose)
Food broken down (we eat it)
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Energy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Produces oxygen and glucose
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll (autotrophs)
Occurs in all living cells

22. I. ___cellular respiration_____ – the process by which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy.
Series of chemical reactions which produce ___ATP_.
There are ___2 types___ of cellular respiration.

23. Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy(ATP)

24. Glycolysis
Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Total energy yield = 4 ATP, but 2 ATP used in process so…Net ATP gain = 2 ATP
Advantages - Reaction is fast, cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds, Does not require oxygen

25. What’s Next?
What comes next depends on whether conditions are aerobic (with O2) or anaerobic (without O2).
In presence of O2, molecules enter Krebs Cycle and ETC (electron transport chain) releasing additional ATP
In the absence of O2, glycolysis is followed by fermentation with NO additional energy production

26. Krebs Cycle and ETC occur in the mitochondria of all organisms
Structure of mitochondria
Matrix = liquid portion
Cristae – inner membrane where majority of ATP is produced

27. Stage 1 - Krebs Cycle
Krebs cycle – biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2, Hydrogen, & ATP
Aka = Citric Acid Cycle
Completes oxidation of glucose began in glycolysis
Takes place in/ mitochondrion unlike glycolysis that occurs in/ cytoplasm

28. More Krebs Cycle
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuses across membrane to Mitochondrial matrix & forms Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

29. Stage 2 - ETC
Electron transport chain – Electrons from hydrogen are carried by NADH from Krebs cycle and passed down an electron transport chain (ETC), where high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP, more ATP produced.
Concentration gradient between 2 membranes drives the chain
ATP synthase catalyzes ATP from ADP and phosphate ion known as chemiosmosis just like photosynthesis

30. pH of the mitochondria is lower (acidic) in matrix of inner membrane than in between outer membrane and cristae
As ETC processes occur and positive ions are moved across membranes the mitochondria becomes more acidic

31. Efficiency of energy: glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs = 2 ATP E.T.C. = 32 ATP

32. No O2
If no oxygen is present there is no Krebs Cycle or ETC, instead Anaerobic respiration (also called fermentation) will occur.
Does not use O2
Produces 2 ATP Net (from glycolysis – no other ATP is produced)
There are two types of fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation – produces alcohol
Lactic acid fermentation – produces lactic acid, it is an acid, when produced in skeletal muscles the muscles do not contract as easily (& are sore!)

33. Converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide
1. ____alcoholic fermentation____: when oxygen is not present yeast cells and some bacteria produce CO2 & ethyl alcohol
Converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Ex. Beer, wine, bread, and ethanol

34. 2. _lactic acid fermentation_: process that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce
Happens during ___strenuous_____ exercise when your cells run out of oxygen.
Experience muscle fatigue and soreness caused by the ___build up___ of lactic acid.

35. Question A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration
The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called ________. (TX Obj 2; 4B, 8C
TX Obj 3; 9D)
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. the light-independent reaction
D. the Calvin cycle