1. STEM By: Maria Fernanda Zaldana Valeria Cano Sandra Orellana Ana lucia Artiga Sessa

2. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers),co nes or other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another.

3. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems.

4. Stems have four main functions which are: Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits. Transport of water and nutrients.

5. The production of new living tissue. Protect the plan with the spines and thorms. Storage food for the plant.

6. Stem usually consist of three tissues, dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. The dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the stem and usually functions to waterproof, protect and control gas exchange.

7. The ground tissue usually consists mainly of parenchyma cells and fills in around the vascular tissue. Vascular tissue provides long distance transport and structural support.

8. Different types of stems : axis of a plant. Stolon : running stems, which trail above the ground. Tuber : subterranean swellings of plant axes. Volubilate twining : a stem that will wind around objects for support. Section of a bulb : division of a bulb that allows study of the interior. Bulb : plant organ that allows for the growth of the plant every year. Rhizome : stem that annually produces adventitious roots.