1. Chapter 10: Flows, Pumps, and Piping Design
Fluid distributions by pipes using a pump are essential to all heating and cooling systems.
w is the work requirement to produce the change between the inlet and outlet (the work could be provided by a pump, but also by other means).
Fluid flow basics
Energy per unit mass
Fluid flow basics
Pump

2. Fluid flow basics  
Fluid distributions by pipes using a pump are essential to all heating and cooling systems.
Each term has the unit of pressure
Each term has the unit of length, referred to as head
Pumping work, negative

3. Discussion on 10-1a and 10-1c  
In EE system, the gc in both equations is the constant of proportionality in Newton’s second law. gc
F = m·a/gc = m·g/gc ≈ m, g ≈ gc. gc is primarily used to equalize both sides under the condition of F = m at standard conditions.
The above two equations appear to be the same. However, the interpretation is difference. For the second one, the unit of each term is ft; but the unit of the first equation is energy per mass, as shown below:
A force of one pound (1 lbf) is the force that gives a pound mass (1 lbm) an acceleration equal to the standard acceleration of gravity on Earth (32.2 ft/s2).

4. Fluid flow basics  
Total pressure:
Total head

5. Lost head  
Correlations are needed to compute friction factor

6. Lost head  
When the friction factor becomes independent of the Reynolds number.

7. Lost head  
When the friction factor becomes independent of the Reynolds number.

8. Lost head  
The term of Schedule is used to indicate the wall thickness of a pipe.

9. Friction Loss of Water Flow

10. Friction Loss of Water Flow

11. System characteristics
From Eq. 10-1C:
Lost head plus mechanical energy gain across the flow system
Pumping power 2 1 a b 2 1
w is the work requirement in terms of head to produce the change (the work could be provided by a pump, but also by other means). When flow rate is zero, pressure difference, velocity difference, and head loss are all zero.

12. System characteristics

13. Centrifugal pumps  

14. Centrifugal pumps  
The total head
Between the inlet and outlet of the pump, not including the pipeline

15. Centrifugal pumps  
If the static pressure of the fluid entering a pump approaches the vapor pressure of the liquid too closely, vapor bubbles will form in the impeller passages. This condition is detrimental to pump performance, and the collapse of the bubbles is noisy and may damage the pump. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. The amount of pressure in excess of the vapor pressure required to prevent cavitation is known as the required net positive suction head (NPSHR), determined by the actual testing of each model.
The vapor pressure here is the saturation pressure corresponding to the fluid inlet temperature

16. Centrifugal pumps  

17. Combined system and operating point
Piping system
Piping system, mechanical energy requirement for the fluid, based on the energy balance over the piping system.
Pump, energy balance between the pump inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge ) only.
Both Hp are related to pump power input to the fluid, one obtained through the piping system, the other through the pump.

18. Combined system and operating point
Piping system from 1 to 2, the change of valve condition may cause a similar effect as the change of pipe length.

19. Combined system and operating point

20. Affinity Laws  
For a constant impeller diameter
The affinity laws may be used to generate a new pump head characteristic.
n: new, o: old

21. Multiple pump arrangement
Parallel arrangements are the most common because the variation in the system flow rate is usually the variable of interest.

22. Multiple pump arrangement

23. Piping system fundamentals
Basic Open-loop system

24. Basic closed-loop systems
The expansion tank is to accommodate the volume change of the fluid due to a changed in thermal conditions.

25. Pipe sizing criteria
Where possible, the pipes should be sized so that drastic valve adjustments are nor required.

26. Pipe sizing
Basic

27. Pipe sizing Basic ft is the friction factor to be found in Table 10-2
For both inlets and outlets, if there is no contraction/expansion,
ft is the friction factor to be found in Table 10-2
Basic
ft NOT ft
ft NOT ft
Theta is the converging/diverging angle of the inlet port or outlet port of the gate valve
ft NOT ft
ft NOT ft

28. Pipe sizing
Basic
Reservoir

29. Pipe sizing

30. Lost head for valves, check valves, and strainers in term of coefficient Cv