1. Biology
Reproduction & Growth

2. Learning Intentions What is sexual reproduction?
What process leads to the formation of gametes?
What structures and steps are involved in Sexual Reproduction in Animals?
Describe growth and development in animals

3. 1 Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction is when new offspring are made from male and female parents
The offspring receive 50% genetic information from the mother and 50% genetic information from the father
Variation occurs as all the offspring are different
Variation is important for the survival of the species so it can adapt to a changing environment

4. Cell Division: Meiosis (2:15)
2 Gamete Formation
Each body cell (eg. Skin cell) contains 46 chromosomes
Each body cell has 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid)
New body cells are made by the process of mitosis
A sex cell (eg. sperm) contains 23 chromosomes
Each sex cell has 1 set of chromosomes (haploid)
Sex cells are also called gametes
New gametes are made by the process of meiosis
Meiosis is important because it ensures that a single set of chromosomes are produced in gametes (haploid)
Cell Division: Meiosis (2:15)

5. 3a) Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Male Reproductive System Structure

6. 3b) Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Male Reproductive System Structure & Function
Structure
Function
Testes
Produce sperm
Penis
Organ that releases sperm into the vagina
Sperm Duct
Allows sperm to travel from the testes to the penis
Sperm
Male gamete

7. 3c) Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Female Reproductive System Structure

8. 3d) Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Female Reproductive System Structure & Function
Structure
Function
Ovary
Produces eggs
Oviduct
Allows the passage of eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Fertilisation occurs here
Vagina
During sexual intercourse the penis releases sperm in here
Uterus
If fertilisation occurs, the embryo implants here
Egg
Female gamete

9. 3e) Fertilisation in Animals
Fertilisation is when the NUCLEUS of a sperm cell FUSES with the NUCLEUS of an egg cell
Sperm (3:04)
Egg (1:44)
Fertilisation (2:04)
Which gamete contains a food store?
Which gamete contains lots of mitochondria?

10. 4. Internal V External Fertilisation
Internal Fertilisation
Internal fertilisation is when sperm are released inside the body of the female and fertilisation occurs in the oviduct e.g. Humans
External Fertilisation
External fertilisation is when sperm and eggs are released into the environment (e.g. water) and fertilisation takes place outside of the bodies e.g. Fish

11. 5a) Development in Animals - Exchange
Carbon Dioxide & urea from foetus to mother
Oxygen, Glucose, Water, Antibodies, Hormones, Drugs from mother to foetus
The placenta allows exchange of materials between the mothers and foetus’s blood
Glucose and Oxygen are transported from the Mother to the Foetus
Carbon Dioxide and Wastes are transported from the Foetus to the Mother
Placenta ( 2:46)

12. 5b) Growth & Development (Animals)
Teratogens and impact on Development
First Trimester (2:24)
Second Trimester (2:15)
Third Trimester (2:50)
Birth (3:40)

13. 5c) Growth & Development (Animals)
Research Tasks
Find out the impact of the following on growth and development of an embryo and foetus
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drugs
Radiation
Unhealthy diet

14. Learning Intentions What structures and steps are involved in
Sexual Reproduction in Plants?
7. Describe growth and development in plants
8. Describe asexual reproduction in plants
How can humans artificially reproduce
organisms to mass produce large yields of
crops, fuels and medicines?

15. 6a) Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Flower Structure
Pollen (0:50)

16. 6b) Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Flower Structure & Function
Structure
Function
Sepal
Protects the bud
Petal
Attracts insects
Anther
Produces pollen
Pollen
The male gamete
Stigma
Landing platform for trapping pollen
Ovary
Produces ovules
Ovule
The female gamete

17. 7a) Growth & Development (Plants)
Pollination is when pollen lands on the sticky stigma
Pollen can be transferred by
WIND or INSECTS
Self-pollination
Pollination involving one plant
Cross-pollination
Pollination involving
two plants
Describe the difference in appearance between a wind & insect pollinated flower

18. 7b) Growth & Development (Plants)
Fertilisation
Pollination occurs
A pollen tube grows from the stigma to the ovary
The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
The nucleus of a pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule (FERTILISATION)
The ovule develops into a seed
The ovary develops into a fruit
Sexual Reproduction (3:23)

19. 7c) Growth & Development (Plants)
Seed Dispersal
Seeds need to be dispersed away from each other to reduce competition for root space, soil water, light, etc
Seeds can be dispersed by:-
The wind e.g. Dandelion seed
Animal Internal
(eating seeds & e.g. Bramble seeds
excreting them in faeces)
Animal External
(seeds being hooked onto
animal fur then dropping off) e.g. Burdock seeds

20. 7d) Growth & Development (Plants)
Seed Structure & Function
Germination is when the embryo grows a shoot and
Root.
Seeds need Water, Oxygen & Warmth (WOW) to
germinate
The Seed Coat protects the food store from being
Eaten by bacteria and fungi in the soil
The Food Store provides the embryo with an
Energy source for growth
The Embryo grows into the shoot and root

21. 7e) Growth & Development (Plants)
Plant Life Cycle
Germination
Seed Dispersal
Growth
Fruit Formation
Pollination
Fertilisation

22. 8) Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Asexual Reproduction is when ONE plant can make identical copies of itself
Asexual Reproduction (2:57)
Potatoes produce TUBERS
Tubers are underground food stores that grow into new potato plants
Daffodils produce BULBS
Bulbs are underground food stores that grow into new daffodil plants
Strawberries produce RUNNERS
RUNNERS are long thick stems with new plantlets at the end
What name is given to organisms that are identical to their parents?

23. 9 Artificial Reproduction in Plants
Artificial Reproduction is when humans are involved
in reproducing organisms:- e.g. Humans taking a
cutting in plants to mass produce plants
Cut a 10cm stem of Geranium
Cut below a node and remove the lower leaves (to prevent water loss through stoma pores)
Dip cutting into rooting powder (to encourage root growth)
Place cutting into rooting compost and firmly press the compost (to stabilise the soil)
Water the compost
Place pot in a propagator or poly bag to increase the humidity