1. Kingdom Plantae Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs with cellulose cell walls. I. Divisions; Plant phyla are called divisions. There are 12 divisions in the Kingdom Plantae. A. Hepaticophyta- liverworts; Thought to be the earliest form of plant. 1. nonvascular- lives in moist or humid environment. Small plants. 2. Reproduction includes spores (no seeds)

2. B. Bryophyta- mosses; numerous species 1. nonvascular C. Pterophyta- ferns; some centimeters in size, some several meters (fern trees) 1. vascular 2. spores (no seeds)produced in structures called sori under the fronds (leaves) 2. Reproduction includes spores (no seeds)

3. D. Coniferophyta- conifers; include pines, fir, spruce, junipers and others. Most conifers are evergreens. 1. vascular; largest living trees are the sequoias. They are limited in size because of the difficulty of supplying water to the uppermost part of the tree. 2. Seeds are formed in cones, or in berry-like structures. E. Anthophyta; Most diverse group of plants. Includes deciduous trees, grasses, and flowering plants. This division is divided into 2 classes; Monocots and Dicots, depending on whether they have one seed leaf or two

4. 1. vascular tissue 2. Seeds in fruit. 3. flowering plants II. Plant cells; surrounded by a cellulose cell wall. A. Parenchyma; Most abundant kind of plant cell. Spherical shape, thin and flexible wall, large central vacuole. 1. used for storage 2. used for food production

5. B. Collenchyma; long cells with uneven cell wall thickness. 1. used for support C. Sclerenchyma; Cell walls very thick and rigid 1. sclerids- give a grainy texture to pears 2. fibers- used to make linen, and natural rope. Found in cotton

6. III. Dermal tissue; A. epidermis- covers the outside of the plant. Many cells produce waxy cuticle (protective covering). 1. root hairs- extensions of the cells on root epidermis, increases surface area for the roots 2. stomata (stoma)- openings in the epidermis that allow an exchange of gases and transpiration. Surrounded, and regulated by guard cells.

12. 3. trichomes- hair-like structures found on some stems and leaves. a. help reduce evaporation. Vitis mustangensis (mustang grape)

13. b. glandular trichomes contain toxin

14. IV. Meristematic tissue; growth tissue A. Apical- describes growth at the ends of roots and stems. Increases the length and height of the plant. B. Lateral- increases the diameter of trunk, limbs and stems. V. Vascular tissue- refer to foldable 2. cork cambium- cells with tough cell walls, outer bark of tree 1. vascular cambium- produces new xylem and phloem.

15. A. Functions; 1. absorption of water and minerals from the soil. 2. Used for the storage of starches 3. Used as support for the plant. Roots anchor it into the ground. B. Types; 1. fibrous- many small branching roots growing from a central point. Found in grasses. 2. tap- single, thick structure, with smaller branching roots. VI. Roots; Mostly below ground structure.

16. Tap root fibrous root

17. VII. Stems; Mostly above ground structures. A. Function; B. Types. 1. herbaceous- soft, flexible, often photosynthetic 2. Contains vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant 2. woody- hard, rigid, made of cork and vascular cambium 1. Used for support of leaves and flowers.

18. 3. subterranean stems- storage of starch a. tuber- ex. potato b. rhizome- ex. iris c. corm- covered with scale leaves ex. gladiolus VIII. Leaves; primary function is photosynthesis. C. Stomata; openings that allow gas exchange and transpiration. The opening is controlled by two guard cells. B. Spongy mesophyll; loosely arranged with a lot of space between each cell. This allows water and air to circulate in the leaf. A. Palisade mesophyll; main photosynthetic cells in the leaf.

20. IX. Plant hormones- refer to foldable X. Plant responses- refer to foldable