2.  Most of a plant’s food is made in its leaves  Leaves are organs made of cells and tissues  Protect the plant  Lets air in and out through openings called stomata  Carry food and water through plant

3.  Process that plants and some other organisms use to make sugar for food  Carbon dioxide and water are used to make sugar and oxygen  Plants are a major source of oxygen in the atmosphere

4.  Carbon dioxide + water+ sunlight  oxygen +sugar  Sugar is moved to all cells of the plant  Plants cans store sugar long term as starch  Sugar is more than just energy; they can also combine to form cellulose which makes up the strong cell wall of the plant

5.  Happens in the chloroplasts in leaves  Chlorophyll captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food  Chlorophyll gives plants their green color

6.  Grow deep in soil  Tiny hairs on roots take in water and minerals from the soil  Anchor the plant so it doesn’t get knocked over or blown away  Store extra food

7.  Plant organs that contain bundles of hollow tubes  Xylem tubes carry water and dissolved materials upward from roots to all parts of the plant  Phloem tubes carry sugars downward from the leaves to rest of plant  Support plant and hold its leaves up

8.  Plant’s reproductive organ  Most flowers have both female and male parts in one flower  Some flowers only have female or only male parts

9.  Reproduce: make more organisms of the same kind  Asexual reproduction: only one parent is involved and offspring are exactly the same as parent  Example: potato is a tuber- underground stem that grows part of another potato  Sexual reproduction: two cells join together to produce a new organism  Two parents needed and offspring not identical to the parents

10.  Stamen: male flower part  Stigma: sticky place where pollen grains land  Ovary: Holds the ovule  Petals: Attracts insects  Pistil: Female flower part

11.  Anther: produces pollen grains  Ovule: produces female sex cells  Pollen grains: contains male sex cells

12.  Fertilization: joining of the male cell and female cell in plants  Pollination: male cells have to find a way to get to the female cells  Two ways a plant can be pollinated:  Self-pollination: the pollen from plant fertilizes the female cells in in the ovule of same plant  Cross- pollination: the pollen from one plant fertilizes the female cells in ovule of a different plant

13.  Animals that help in pollination  Insects, birds, bats  Go to flower for nectar- sugary water produced by flower- and become covered with pollen and go from flower to flower

14.  Most plants produce seeds  Angiosperm: ovary of the flower forms fruit around the seed  Gymnosperm: have no fruit at all  Seed: contains young plant and a food supply that will feed it until it can make its own food  Mosses and ferns reproduce by forming spores  Spores: single cell that grow into new plant

15.  Life cycle: all stages of growth and development  Germinate: begin growing  Seedling: sprouted seed  Fruit: contains and protects seeds

16.  Plants have many different types of roots, stems, and leaves  Differences allow plants to survive in different environments  Examples:  cactus has very deep roots to get water deep below the surface, they have sharp thorns to prevent them from being eaten by animals  Some plants have broad, flat leaves to catch as much sunlight as possible  Many plants that grow in dry areas have waxy leaves to prevent loss of water

17.  Ways that plants change their direction of growth in response to the environment  Gravitropism: roots grow downward in direction of gravity pulls and stems grow upward against pull of gravity  Phototropism: plant’s reaction to source of light  Grows toward light

18.  Ecosystem: living and nonliving parts of an environment in a particular area  Ecology: study of how the living and nonliving parts of ecosystems work together  Species: a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce offspring like themselves  Population: all the members of a species that live together in the same place at the same time

19.  Community: all the populations living in the same ecosystem at the same time  Terrestrial Ecosystems: found on land; forests, deserts, and grasslands  Aquatic Ecosystems: freshwater and saltwater

20.  Freshwater ecosystems: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, marshes, and swamps  Saltwater ecosystems: found in oceans; coral reefs and kelp forests

21.  Habitats: place where organism lives  Niche: organism’s job  Producers: make their own food  Plants, algae, and some single-celled organisms  Consumers: get energy by eating other organisms; cannot make own food  Most animals

22.  Decomposers: get energy by breaking down or decomposing the remains of dead organisms  Bacteria and fungi

23.  Food chain: shows how food energy moves from one organism to another  Food web: a network of food chains that shows how food energy moves through a community  Energy pyramid: shows how much energy is available to organisms at each level of a food web  Predator: organism hunting another organism  Prey: organism being hunted

24.  Factors in the environment that cause a change in behavior  All living organisms respond to external and internal stimuli  External stimuli: come from the environment  Internal stimuli: come from within an organism’s body

25.  Adaptation: any characteristic that helps an animal stay alive in its environment  Physical adaptations: body parts that help an animal survive  Example: polar bears have white fur as camouflage to blend in with their environment  Viceroy Butterflies look very similar to Monarch butterflies, which taste bitter and birds don’t like them- if birds can’t tell them apart the Viceroy butterflies are saved. This is mimicry- when one species copies, or mimics another species as defense against predators

26.  Behavioral adaptations: ways in which organisms act in response to their environment  Learned or instinctive  Learned adaptation: taught to the young by parents  Bears teach young to catch fish  Instinctive adaptations: does not have to be learned; they are born with the instinct  Hibernation – period of very low activity (almost like sleeping) during the winter  Migration- seasonal movements

27.  Natural changes: temperature, rainfall, soil conditions  Some can be rapid and destructive: volcanic eruptions, floods, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and landslides  Human activities: mining, construction, pollution

28.  Fossils: remains of dead organisms preserved in rock  Tell us about ancient habitats

29.  Extinction: loss of the last member of a species  Causes:  Loss of habitat  Overhunting  Invasive species (introduced species)- species brought into an ecosystem from another part of the world  Climate change