1. Projected Supplies These are reserves, based on current technology Oil – 25 -75 years Natural gas – 60-200-year supply Coal – 250 – 900 -year supply

2. COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

3. Coal

4. Coal Trivia Facts Most abundant fossil fuel –400 year supply 66% of known coal is located in the U.S. U.S. is 2 nd largest consumer of coal –China is 1 st ! Most environmentally damaging fossil fuel.

5. Formation of Coal

6. What is coal? Easily combustible rock (high C content) The longer it’s been forming the higher the grade/quality –Higher grade burns cleaner

7. Carbon content increases Water decreases Burns hotter & cleaner!

8. Four (4) Grades of Coal 1.Peat –earliest stage in coal formation (youngest) 2.Lignite (brown coal) –Low carbon = Low energy 3.Bituminous (soft coal) –Most common 4.Anthracite (hard coal) –Highest carbon = highest energy

9. What sample do you have? Describe your sample (2-5 words)

10. World Coal Deposits - what are the top 3 countries?

11. U.S. Coal Deposits

12. How is it extracted? Underground Mining for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&feature=related Tour through a coal mine

14. How is it extracted? Surface Mining -for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep -Cheapest method -Biggest enviro. impact http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2009/03/removing_mountains.html

15. What is coal used for? Burned to generate electricity –½ of electricity in US is from coal Making steel –used to smelt iron ore into iron

17. Advantages 1.Cheap 2.Needs little refining

18. Environmental Concerns Surface mining – removes the top of an entire mountain Toxic chemicals – (mercury) leach from waste rock into nearby streams Pollution, Acid Rain, & Global Warming – depends on the grade of the coal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ Centralia, PA

19. Oil

20. Oil Trivia Facts First discovered in the US in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania! Known reserves expected to last less than 50 years –Current price per barrel: $108

21. What is Crude Oil? Petroleum (crude oil) –Thick, black oil as it comes out of the ground Most valuable natural resource (?) –Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

23. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries –Control 67% of world’s oil –Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and Venezuela

24. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

25. How are oil and gas found? Between underground rock - Lower layer is porous - Upper layer is impermeable http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

26. Oil Extraction Pumped from ground using…  Gravity  Water  CO2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMBhX1IxajU&feature=related

28. Oil Refining Refinery –Heat crude oil –Lowest boiling point components are collected first –Limited refineries in the world. Affects supplies, which affects prices. http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o

29. What is petroleum used for? Fuel - transportation, generating electricity, heating Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

30. Advantages to using oil Most bang for the buck… –Gives the most energy with the least amount of wasted energy (high net energy) Easily transported

31. Disadvantages to using oil Oil reserves are low –Economic depletion = Cost to extract remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price.

32. Environmental Concerns 1.Pollution - many pollutants created when burned which leads to smog and acid rain 2.Global Warming - releases CO2 when burned 3.Oil Spills - damage to plants and animals

33. Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spill –Deepwater horizon picsDeepwater horizon pics Offshore and ANWR drilling –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA – ANWR and offshorehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA

34. Oil spill Clean up methods –http://www.cnbc.com/id/37593652/17_Way s_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide =14http://www.cnbc.com/id/37593652/17_Way s_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide =14 –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lCIjdon 8Bg (Dawn commericalhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lCIjdon 8Bg After the spill http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2009/ 03/exxon-valdez-oi.htmlhttp://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2009/ 03/exxon-valdez-oi.html

35. Natural Gas Underground gas –Mostly methane CH4 (50% - 90%) Usually in or near oil wells Can also be found alone or trapped in rock (shale gas)

36. Where is it found?

38. Natural Gas Reserves 1.Russia (24%) 2.Iran (16%) 3.Turkmenistan (12%) 4.Qatar (11.5%) 5.United States (4%) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

39. Interactive Map: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060

40. The Marcellus Shale http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&f eature=related

41. Lochland Town Meeting Are you FOR or AGAINST drilling in Lochland? –What would you tell your neighbor to get them on your side? A similar situation in a neighboring town: http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/boomtown/ http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/boomtown/

42. Natural Gas Extraction 1.Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied Stored in pressurized tanks 2.Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities Odor is added to detect leaks

44. Processing Pressurized & piped to homes. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

45. What is it used for? Heating homes (stoves, water, air) Fuel for transportation Producing electricity

46. Advantages Burns the cleanest Higher reserves than oil Easily transported to houses Disadvantages Drinking water may get contaminated –Flowback –Abandoned wells Drilling disturbs land Air pollution from trucks Shipping across ocean is dangerous