1. Fig. 16-2, p. 357 Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform Oil storage Coal Contour strip mining Oil drilling platform on legs Geothermal energy Hot water storage Oil well Pipeline Geothermal power plant Gas well Valves Mined coal Pump Area strip mining Drilling tower Pipeline Impervious rock Underground coal mine Natural gas Water Oil Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water Coal seam Hot rock Water penetrates down through the rock Magma

2. Global Energy Production

3. OIL – still not mixing with vinegar WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? ROCK! Oil is found inside pores of rock in droplet form WHERE IS IT FOUND? Mostly along tectonic belts (plate boundaries) WHAT TYPE OF ROCKS? Mostly porous rocks (sandstone, limestone) are reservoir rocks. Hydrocarbons are pushed to the surface and capped. HOW DOES IT FORM? Buried organic material, heat & pressure

4. Petroleum 101 CRUDE OIL – fossil fuel produced by decomposition of deeply buried dead organic matter MADE OF? Mostly hydrocarbons, some sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen too! METHODS OF PROCESSING:  Primary Recovery  Secondary Recovery (35%) P & S  Enhanced or Tertiary Recovery (10-25%) TERTIARY RECOVERY PROCESS

6. ProsCons -Cheap-Limited US supply -Transportation-Pollution (air, water) -High net energy yield-Land Disturbance Low Prices encourage waste – infrastructure inhibits change or improvements in energy efficiency Distillation process for oil accounts for 8% of US energy consumption!! MUST USE ENERGY TO MAKE ENERGY!!

7. Oil Shale/ Tar Sands OIL SHALE Fine grained rock containing solid, waxy mixture of hydrocarbons (kerogen) Known as a synfuel (synthetic of fossil fuels – oil from kerogen) TAR SAND Mixture of clay, sand, water & bitumen Often found in sedimentary rock formations Most reserves are found in Alberta, Canada

8. Resources and Reserves  Total amount of oil in the world is estimated at 4 trillion barrels. (Half is thought to be ultimately recoverable) - In 1999, proven reserves were estimated at 1 trillion barrels.  As oil becomes depleted and prices rise, it will likely become more economical to find and bring other deposits to market.

9. Global Recoverable Oil Reserves

10. Natural Gas – not just your regular flatulence Mostly methane (CH 4 ), trace amounts of ethane, propane, butane and hydrogen sulfide Form from breakdown of hydrocarbons(petroleum) in places of intense heat & pressure Found above most reservoir rock of crude oil Butane & propane are removed and liquefied natural gas and stored as pressurized gas

11. How much do we have? US = 2-3% US 60-70 yr. Supply Russia & “stans” = 40% Provides ¼ of all the energy used in the United States World Reserves ~ 125 yrs Very Plentiful – if it can be recovered!

12. Why we should Why we shouldn’t easy to transport (pipelines) easier to process than coal or oil High energy yield!! LOW POLLUTION FACTOR** Burns cleanly & almost entirely Extraction does less damage to the environment (pipes verses mining of rock) H 2 S & SO 2 are produced Must be converted to LNG before it can be shipped (Liquid N.G) Conversion of LNG reduces energy yield and is expensive and dangerous Could leak in the atmosphere and methane = more damaging greenhouse gas than CO 2

13. TYPICAL COAL BURNING POWER PLANTS  High CO 2 emissions (greenhouse gas)  Other emission: SO 2 (acid rain); NOx; & Mercury  Human health impact – respiratory diseases  Large disruption to land  Acid Rain  Global Climate Change ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Coal Supplies 50% of our electrical needs in the United States China largest global consumer of coal reserves

14.  High land impact  Increased Surface Mining  High CO 2 emissions  Higher cost  Lower net yield COAL GASIFICATION Disadvantages Advantages  Large supply  Vehicle Fuel Produces synthetic natural gas by coal liquefaction

15. 1)Removes most of the sulfur dioxide 2)Reduces emissions of NOx 3)Burns coal more efficiently and cheaply than conventional methods Fluidized-Bed Coal Combustion Cleaning - Chemical/Physical cleaning of coal prior to combustion Scrubbing - injection of limestone into gases, reaction of carbonate with sulfur dioxide produces calcium sulfate (sludge). CLEANING UP COAL!