1. Chapter 28.4 The USSR Under Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Lenin Dies, Jan. 1924
Body on display for 65 years!

2. Focus Q
Describe the impact of the League of Nations on world peace in the 1930s.
Give at least 2 examples.

3. St. Petersburg =
Leningrad
Stalingrad =
Volgograd

4. Lenin Dies in January 1924
His body is displayed in Red Square (Moscow) until 1989
Stalin saw it as a symbol that he was carrying on the goals of the Bolshevik Rev.
However, Stalin will use ruthless measures to control the USSR and its people
Stalin will rule until his death in 1953

6. Red Square, Moscow

7. Stalin’s 5-Year Plans
Stalin becomes a totalitarian leader (total control, no opposition)
1928—1st of several 5-year plans
Build heavy industry, transportation, inc. farm output
Govt controls the economy
**Command economy: govt makes all basic economic decisions**
Owned all businesses and resources

8. Capitalism is very different……
Capitalist system—free mkt makes most econ decisions
Businesses compete for consumers
This competition controls prices, quality of goods
Which is best for consumers? Why?

10. Communism?

11. Capitalism?
Do monopolies rule?

12. Mixed Results in Industry
Workers, managers get bonuses for success, punished for failure
Btwn factories, hydroelectric power, mining, RR’s grow
Workers wages were low, couldn’t strike, std. of living stayed low

13. Mixed Results in Industry
Central planning not good:
Surpluses, shortages in certain areas
Quality of goods was poor
consumer goods were scarce—cars, clothing, refrigerators

15. Collectivization in Agriculture Doesn’t Improve Output
Stalin wants more grain to feed workers in cities and to sell grain abroad
Stalin wants all peasants to work on state-owned farms or
**collectives: large farms owned and operated by peasants**

16. 1933, Soviet Collective Farms

17. Collectives
**Govt would provide tractors, seed, fertilizer, teach better farming methods**
Peasants could keep personal belongings, houses
Animals, implements would become collective property
Govt set all prices, controls farm supplies

18. Resistance By Peasants
Some kill animals, burn crops, destroy tools
Stalin is furious, blames rich farmers (kulaks)
Govt takes kulaks land, sends them to labor camps
Peasants resist by growing just enough to feed themselves
So Stalin takes all their grain to feed others

19. Resistance By Peasants
1932—poor harvests and govt taking grain causes the “Terror Famine”
5-8 million starve in Ukraine alone

20. The best medicine……
Prisoners have been campaigning for a right to use cell phones.
I used to suffer from soap addiction, but I’m clean now.
What did the fish say when it swam into the wall?
Dam.
Do you know how they make holy water?
They boil the hell out of it.
Have you heard about this dude who had to have his left leg and left arm amputated after a car crash? -- He's all right now.“

21. Stalin’s Terror Tactics
Stalin’s Communist Party uses secret police, torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience
Even wiping out those in the Communist elite
Probably where challengers would come from

22. Terror as a Weapon
Perpetrated crimes against humanity, violates indiv rights,
Police spies open mail, plant listening devices
No free press—everything must be approved
No safe way to dissent
Violators sent to the gulag
**Gulag: system of brutal labor camps, many die**

23. Gulag Camps

24. Siberian Prison Camp

25. The Great Purge:
**cause: Stalin fears rival party leaders are plotting against him**
Stalin goes after Old Bolsheviks from the early rev, army heroes, factory mgrs., writers
, “show trials” show them confessing to diff. crimes after being tortured or their families threatened
Sent to the Gulag—at least 4 M purged

26. When do you think the USSR will miss this military leadership?
Results of the Purge
Increases Stalin’s power
People know the consequences of disloyalty
However, many of the most talented are lost: engineers, experts in industry, economists, and military leaders
When do you think the USSR will miss this military leadership?

27. Soviet Society: New Elite Takes Control
Communists destroy the old social order: land-owning nobles at the top, peasants at bottom
Don’t create a society of equals as promised
Create a society where a few elite groups become the ruling class
At the top: members of the Communist Party
Very few could join, some do just to get ahead, not b/c of a belief in communism

28. New Elite Takes Control
New Elite: industrial mgrs, military leaders, scientists, some artists and writers
Live in the best apartments, vacation in best spots
Shop at special stores where scarce goods were
**drawback to being elite: elites were often the target of Stalin’s purges**

29. Benefits for Common People
Free schools, including tech. training, college
Sports and cultural activities, political classes to train people for party membership
Free medical care, cheap housing, public recreation
Women have something close to equal rights

30. Drawbacks for Common People
Housing was scarce: 1 family in 1 room
Lots of bread;
meat, veggies, fruit scarce

31. Btwn Germany and the USSR…
Countries like Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, etc.
**these Eastern European countries don’t have the capital to develop industry**
USSR loots their factories after WWII