1. 徐邦達 國立清華大學生命科學系 PAM 葉綠素螢光儀的工作原理

3. PAM pulse amplitude modulation

5. Chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum of leaves Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 498-502

7. Light Output | PAM-2500 Measuring light: Red LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM (full width at half maximum) 20 nm. 1 μs pulses at modulation frequencies 10 to 5000 Hz for Fo determinations (200 Hz default), and 1 to 100 kHz during actinic illumination, fast kinetics with 100 or 200 kHz, 20 intensity levels, frequency dependent effective PAR ranging from 0.001 to 100 μmol m -2 s -1 Blue actinic light: LEDs, maximum emission at 455 nm, FWHM 20 nm, PAR up to 800 μmol m -2 s -1, 20 intensity levels Red actinic light: LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM 15 nm, PAR up to 4000 μmol m -2 s -1, 20 intensity levels Saturation pulses: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 0.1 and 0.8 s, 20 intensity levels Multiple turn-over flashes: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 1 and 800 ms, 20 intensity levels Single turn-over flashes: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 125000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 5 and 50 μs Far-red light: LED, maximum emission at 750 nm, FWHM 25 nm, 20 intensity levels

8. Signal detection of PAM-2500: PIN-photodiode protected by long-pass filter (T(50%)=715 nm). Selective window amplifier

9. 頻率 Hz （ Hertz ） 每秒的週期性震動次數 Audible frequency 20 Hz – 20 kHz

10. Ideal frequency response curve for an audio amplifier

13. Wide band vs. Narrow band

14. Reference signal

15. Light Output | PAM-2500 Measuring light: Red LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM (full width at half maximum) 20 nm. 1 μs pulses at modulation frequencies 10 to 5000 Hz for Fo determinations (200 Hz default), and 1 to 100 kHz during actinic illumination, fast kinetics with 100 or 200 kHz, 20 intensity levels, frequency dependent effective PAR ranging from 0.001 to 100 μmol m -2 s -1 Blue actinic light: LEDs, maximum emission at 455 nm, FWHM 20 nm, PAR up to 800 μmol m -2 s -1, 20 intensity levels Red actinic light: LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM 15 nm, PAR up to 4000 μmol m -2 s -1, 20 intensity levels Saturation pulses: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 0.1 and 0.8 s, 20 intensity levels Multiple turn-over flashes: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 25000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 1 and 800 ms, 20 intensity levels Single turn-over flashes: Red LEDs (see red actinic light), PAR up to 125000 μmol m -2 s -1, adjustable between 5 and 50 μs Far-red light: LED, maximum emission at 750 nm, FWHM 25 nm, 20 intensity levels

16. Measuring light

17. Measuring light: 100 photons Fv/Fm = 80/100 = 80%

18. Measuring light: Red LEDs, maximum emission at 630 nm, FWHM (full width at half maximum) 20 nm. 1 μs pulses at modulation frequencies 10 to 5000 Hz for Fo determinations (200 Hz default), and 1 to 100 kHz during actinic illumination, fast kinetics with 100 or 200 kHz, 20 intensity levels, frequency dependent effective PAR ranging from 0.001 to 100 μmol m -2 s -1

19. Frequency shift

21. Damping is is essentially a low-pass filter

22. “Quieting” an otherwise noisy signal Use as little as necessary