1. ITEC452 Distributed Computing Lecture 2 – Part 3 Models in Distributed Systems Hwajung Lee

2. Other classifications of models Reactive vs Transformational systems A reactive system never sleeps (like: a server or servers) A transformational (or non-reactive systems) reaches a fixed point after which no further change occurs in the system (Examples?) Named vs Anonymous systems In named systems, process id is a part of the algorithm. In anonymous systems, it is not so. All are equal. (-) Symmetry breaking is often a challenge. (+) Easy to switch one process by another with no side effect. Saves log N bits.

3. Model and complexity Many measures oSpace complexity oTime complexity oMessage complexity oBit complexity oRound complexity What do these mean? Consider broadcasting in an n-cube (n=3) source

4. Broadcasting using messages {Process 0} sends m to neighbors {Process i > 0} repeat receive m {m contains the value } ; if m is received for the first time then x[i] := m.value ; send x[i] to each neighbor j > I else discard m end if forever What is the (1) message complexity (2) space complexity per process? Each process j has a variable x[j] initially undefined

5. Broadcasting using shared memory {Process 0} x[0] := v {Process i > 0} repeat if  a neighbor j < i : x[i] ≠ x[j] then x[i] := x[j] {this is a step} else skip end if forever What is the time complexity? (i.e. how many steps are needed?) Can be arbitrarily large! WHY? Each process j has a variable x[j] initially undefined

6. Broadcasting using shared memory Now, use “large atomicity”, where in one step, a process j reads the states of ALL its neighbors of smaller id, and updates x[j] only when these are equal, and different from x[j]. What is the time complexity? How many steps are needed? The time complexity is now O(n 2 ) Each process j has a variable x[j] initially undefined

7. Time complexity in rounds Rounds are truly defined for synchronous systems. An asynchronous round consists of a number of steps where every process (including the slowest one) takes at least one step. How many rounds will you need to complete the broadcast using the large atomicity model? Each process j has a variable x[j] initially undefined