Electrical Repair and Maintenance

Electrical Repair and Maintenance
Multimeters, Electrical Wires, Service Panels, Wall Switches, Receptacles, Light Fixtures, Smoke Detectors Introduce yourself and provide relevant information for this session: Restroom location Smoking rules Cell phone usage Class schedule

Disclaimer The use of photos of tools and/or components which clearly indicate their manufacturer or brand in no way implies an endorsement of the company, brand or product by the National Apartment Association Education Institute. This disclaimer is a reminder that while items of a specific manufacturer or service may be discussed; NAA or NAAEI are not endorsing it/them.

Welcome! Course Topics Roles and Responsibilities Basics and Terms
Electrical Safety Tools and equipment Panels and Wires Switches Receptacles Light Fixtures Smoke Alarms Resources: Participant Guide Presentation Your Questions Your Experiences Videos Demonstrations Your Participation All appliances, regardless of brand (GE, Whirlpool, Kenmore, Maytag, etc…) will have operational similarities. As instructors we need to approach this course without any brand preference. Throughout the presentation GE and Whirlpool are used since our industry uses the majority of these two brands. Whenever brand specific info is presented, the brand logo is shown as an example of the concept being shown. Teach the content in such a way that a technician can troubleshoot any brand as they all work in the same basic method.

What is the Key responsibility when talking electrical repairs?
To go even further… What is the Key responsibility ALL THE TIME? Answers that the instructor can use for points in the discussion: Budget Keeping the resident happy Keeping Management happy Following company policy Each of these answers should be presented in a way that reinforces that a Maintenance Technician must be aware of the need for safety at all times

Key Responsibility Safety
Safety is the most important responsibility that Maintenance Technicians can have. As a matter of fact, every job, repair, or service that the maintenance department will perform has safety as the motivation for a job well done. Safety

When should an Electrician be called?
Make the Call When should an Electrician be called? When do we call in a specialist? When should a maintenance Technician or Department call a Specialist to perform a job?

Make the Call When Code requires it Beyond skill level Manage Time
Size of the job The call to a specialist should be made when these items occur. Ask students questions such as: Do you have enough time to repair EVERYTHING on your property? What are the local codes and where do we as maintenance technicians need to give the job to someone else? Etc…

What is Electricity?

The movement of electrons across a conductor.
What is Electricity? Review what the book states about electricity. According to the Dictionary, the Simple definition is included. You may also use Ohm’s Law to describe in mathematical terms if desired. Simple Definition: The movement of electrons across a conductor.

How many Amps does a 60 Watt Incandescent bulb use?
What is Electricity? How many Amps does a 60 Watt Incandescent bulb use? Watts ÷ Volts = Amps 60 ÷ 120 = .5 This formula is used to explain why residents can not run too many items on a circuit at one time... Otherwise they will overload the circuit. A 60 Watt bulb uses .5 amps

What is Electricity? How much resistance is in an operating 60 Watt Incandescent bulb? Volts ÷ Amps = Ohms 120 ÷ .5 = 240Ω This formula is used to explain the relationship of Volts to Amps and Ohms A 60 Watt bulb has 240 Ohms when operating

Electricity and Plumbing
Comparing Electricity and Plumbing For many students it helps to make a comparison when subjects are difficult to picture. (like electricity) The comparison we use for the book is to show how electricity is similar to plumbing.

Comparing Electricity and Plumbing Water is delivered to the device that controls it (the faucet handle) and that handle stops water by preventing or blocking the path of the water. When the handle, as in this picture, is lifted, the water path is completed allowing the difference of the pressure in the pipe and outside of the pipe to cause the water to flow out the faucet into the sink to perform work (such as washing your hands). Once the work is complete, the water does not disappear; it flows down the drain where it travels down the drain (under no pressure); to the sewer where it goes to a waste treatment facility where it is cleaned and processed and then returns to the faucet under pressure.

Comparing Electricity and Plumbing Similarly electricity is delivered to the control mechanism (switch) and the switch works like the faucet handle… it breaks the path and blocks the way for the pressure to force the electricity. That electricity, once the switch is turned on travels due to the difference in pressure through the device that produces work (light bulb). Once the work (producing light) is complete, the electricity doesn’t disappear, instead it travels; with no pressure, back to the earth which is where it started from at the power plant.

Voltage Amperage Pressure Water measured: PSI Electrical measured: Volt Capacity (Rate) Water measured: GPM Pressure Electrical measured: Amp Electrical pressure is measured in Volts just like water pressure is measured in Pounds per Square Inch Electrical movement is measured in Amps just like water movement is measured in Gallons Per Minute

Fourteen Key Electrical Terms
(pg.6 in the guide) Amp Circuit Conductor Continuity Current Hot Wire Line Load Neutral Wire Ohms Overload Power Volts Watts It is suggested that students be able to define these terms. As an instructor to reinforce this, repeat these terms and their definitions to the students at every opportunity.

Safety 3 Key Dangers Arc Flashes: Air Electrical Fires:
Combustible material Three dangers that we need to be in constant awareness of. These dangers all boil down to electricity being carried in a substance that we do not desire to do that job. An Arc flash occurs when Air becomes a conductor An electrical fire occurs when combustible material conducts electricity An electrical shock occurs when electricity goes through ME Electrical Shock: Me

Safety How important is electrical safety?
According to National Fire Protection Agency / National Electrical Code this is what occurs to a human body when exposed to the listed levels of electricity milliamps is equivalent to 5-6 amps

As close to the source as possible
1. Turn the Power Off As close to the source as possible The importance of technicians not working on “live” circuits can not be stated enough. It is possible that to diagnose or troubleshoot some electrical problems, the power may need to be active. The important reinforcement point is that any repairs for the work that we are responsible for is completed with NO power. Furthermore the power should be turned off as close to the power source as possible. Such as breaker; main breaker, or even the meter if necessary. After the power is turned off the technician should verify that the power is completely off by using a meter or other voltage sensing device.

2. Use Lockout/Tagout Required by OSHA
Per OSHA, LOTO is required for all properties to be in use. At any time energy is used (all forms of energy; not just electrical).

Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Whenever a piece of equipment is being worked on, it should be disconnected from the power source and locked-out !!! The person working on the equipment should carry the only key to prevent accidental activation. One key for each locking device. The purpose behind it is to ensure that while repairs are made, the technician performing those repairs should not have the power accidentally engaged. A teaching suggestion would be to use a story to reinforce the use of these safety devices by technicians.

Video: Lockout/Tagout
Watch Video Play Lock out Tag out Video

Video: How to Lock Out Watch Video Play Lock out Tag out Video

Personal Protective Equipment
3. Use P.P.E Personal Protective Equipment PPE is also required. Some items that may need to be used by a technician could include: Gloves Arc flash face shield (not plumbing) Safety glasses Proper footwear Etc…

4. Use Safe Tools and Equipment
Maintain tools for cleanliness and durability. Ensure that insulation is kept and maintained for electrical safety just in case a tool accidentally comes in contact with live electricity.

Electrical System Power Plant Sub Station
Electricity is generated at the power plant by using magnets to generate electrical pressure (volts). This pressure then goes through substations where it is delivered to our community under a high amount of voltage.

Electrical System Transformer Service Head
This high voltage is stepped down to our normal usable level (120/240) at the transformer which in turn sends that power though our service head

Electrical System Electrical Meter Service Panel
The power then comes to the area where we begin having control and taking responsibility for the power. In most municipalities the meter is where the responsibility changes hands. In other words, if there is a problem with the electrical delivery before the meter, the power company is responsible for the repairs. If the problem is after the meter, it is our responsibility (the properties'). The most common area that Maintenance Technicians use to cut the power off is the service (or breaker) panel. This panel is where the power used in each apartment is limited to capacity by amperage

What's wrong with this Box???
Electrical Boxes Electrical boxes are required for every electrical connection. Furthermore, those connections are to be covered. What's wrong with this Box???

Receptacles Receptacles are where a user can safely extend an electrical circuit.

Grounding Wire Grounding Wire
The ground wire on the light fixture serves a very important purpose. The wire is required on all fixtures that have a conductive outer shell. This way, if the hot wire were to come in contact with the metal casing, an overload would occur causing the breaker to cut power. Grounding Wire

Light Fixtures This pedestal fixture is a common one found in apartments. This one has a metal base and normally would have a “globe” diffuser found covering the bulb.

Switches Switch is the device that allows control over the flow of electricity.

Components of the Circuit
(pg.14) Describe the different components of the circuit as shown in the book. Black hot wire Grounding Wire

Repair Tools Needle nose Plier Insulated Screwdriver
Ask for comment about common tools in the audience. It is possible that many tips and tricks can be discussed from this lead in. Insulated Screwdriver

Repair Tools Combination Tool Cable Ripper

Fiberglass Ladder Non-Conductive More stable than wood
Fiberglass ladder is now the standard for electrical repairs. Due to its non-conductive nature and the fact that it is much more stable than a wooden ladder, fiberglass should be the ladder of choice any time that there is a possibility of electrical contact.

Lockout/Tagout As this is a requirement from OSHA to protect anyone present when repairs are made to any form of energy, Lockout/Tagout equipment is a requirement at all properties. Having a full kit is not required. What is required is that the property should have the necessary locking pieces to perform the LOTO functions on that communities fixtures.

Testing Tools Voltage detector "Volt-Pen“
Should be a secondary testing tool A Neon Circuit tester detects the presence of voltage… It should be considered a Secondary testing tool, not a primary testing device. The instructor should reinforce that this tool is easily miss-read as the sensing tip has to be in close proximity to the conductor. Also when used in a multiple circuit environment (such as a breaker panel) the Volt pen does not give specific information as to which circuit is causing the pen to indicate.

Testing Tools Plug-In tester Used to verify proper wiring of an outlet
Can also verify proper operation of GFCI

Testing Tools Multimeter Test for: Volts Ohms Continuity
Capacitance (if designed) Amps (if designed) The multimeter is arguably the most important tool in a Maintenance technicians electrical box of tools. It is used to not only diagnose and trouble shoot problems; but also it is used to verify that the device that the technician is working on is safe to interact with. To ensure that this is the situation, the Technician should know how THEIR meter works. All meters work the same, they just may have different controls to get the desired results. Follow Operation Instructions

Video: How to Use a Multimeter
Watch Video Show Video: How to use a Multimeter

Using a Multimeter Listen to the resident describe the problem
Understand how YOUR meter works: Ranging The difference in Infinity and Zero The difference between Continuity and Resistance Check your surroundings A good rule to state is that a technician should not trust any conductor unless they have verified it’s state (hot or not) for themselves. Digital meters may be auto ranging or like an analog meter it may require the technician to set the range for the readings. Refer to the note in the participant guide describing the difference between Infinity and Zero. Technicians should understand the difference between measuring for resistance (as in measuring Ohm’s on a heating element) and measuring continuity (as in measuring a switch). Checking your surroundings should be done before utilizing the meter to be aware of any potential hazards.

Measuring Volts Difference in electrical pressure
Verify, Verify, Verify When a meter is used to measure voltage, the meter is measuring the difference in electrical pressure between the points at which the leads are placed. A reminder is reinforced that students should be verifying that the meter is working properly and there is no short by performing at least 2 measurements for any test of voltage… Hot to Neutral and Hot to Ground.

Voltage Test Check Hot and Neutral
A good question to ask students to gauge understanding is: What if the meter measured “0” volts? Does that mean that there is no power to the outlet? (No. it is possible that the Hot and Neutral wires have continuity and neutral no longer has continuity to the neutral <ground> bus-bar in the Service Panel.) This is why the step next slide must be used to verify the reading.

Voltage Test Check Hot and Neutral Check Hot and Ground
By testing here, we verify the prior reading. The technician tests that ground is a different electrical pressure (should be 0v). While the hot side should be 120v.

For continuity and resistance testing the power MUST be
Continuity states that electricity will flow between two points. Continuity is NOT an indicator of how easily the electricity flows Continuity is NOT the same as measuring for resistance. For continuity and resistance testing the power MUST be turned off!

Measuring Ohms Meter measures how difficult it is for electricity to travel between the leads Higher Number = More Difficult = Better Insulator Lower Number = Less Difficult = Better Conductor The meter sends a small amount of electricity out one lead. This electrical pressure travels through whatever is being tested that is placed between both leads. The electrical energy is received at the second lead and the difficulty of transmission between the two leads is calculated in the meter.

Wire Materials Copper Current standard Aluminum Generally pre-1972
Proper repairs required Pictured here is what occurs when aluminum wiring is repaired improperly. The top picture a connection is made only using a wire nut. The bottom picture shows what can occur if a regular outlet is connected to Aluminum wiring… Wiring devices must be listed as Aluminum Rated. Improper Repair

Wire Insulation Use care to not damage insulation
Insulation is shown as the color coding on the outside of conductors. Use care to not damage insulation

Color Coding Hot Neutral Ground Black Red (Switch Leg)
White (with stripe) White Grey (Older Buildings) Bare Green Color Coding per NEC for Residential use. This slide also gives the opportunity to remind students to not blindly believe that just because a wire is black it is hot… or just because it is white, there is no electricity present. Do Not Trust the colors: Verify, Verify, VERIFY

Wire Size This chart is found in the CAMT Participant Resource Guide. Highlighted are the most common wire size and capacity used in residential construction.

Cable Romex BX Examples of different cable types.

NM Cable Labeling Wire is labeled by the number of Conductors and if ground is present… 12-2/G = 2 12AWG conductors plus ground 14-3 = 3 14AWG conductors (no ground) Cable is sold/purchased by the numbering system shown here. What would 18/5 be? 5 wires of 18AWG wire.

Wiring Devices What’s wrong with this picture? The wire on the left screw terminal is not installed correctly. The wire is to be wrapped around the terminal in the direction of the screw.

Circuit Breaker Panel Under the cover of a circuit panel, this is what is generally seen. The hot wires (black, red or white with stripe) are connected to the breakers. The Neutral lines are connected to the bus bars on the outsides (left and right) of the breaker area.

Circuit Breaker Panel This is what a breaker panel looks like with all of the breakers and wires removed. Notice that the lugs at the top (where line power comes in from the meter) are connected to alternating breakers down either side.

Circuit Breaker Panel In other words, when a double pole breaker is attached (pictured here) the top ½ of the breaker pulls power from the left lug and the bottom ½ of the breaker pulls power from the lug on the right. Just because a breaker is on the right side, doesn’t mean that it gets its power from the right lug.

Circuit Breaker Panel Bus bar: This connection type is generally used for Neutral and/or Ground connections.

What does a Fuse or Breaker Protect?
Question What does a Fuse or Breaker Protect? The Wire Use question to reinforce the purpose of a breaker and that the breaker size should NOT be larger than the capacity of the wire. If a wire carries too much amperage it can cause fire

A breaker is a device used to protect a circuit from overload
Question Is a breaker a switch? NO. On our communities it is possible that some loads may be controlled only at the breaker. Examples include Pool or spa pumps, circulating motors and pumps, amenity lights or appliances. These devices should have a switch controlling their use, not the breaker. (just because a breaker has a toggle it is not a switch.) A breaker is a device used to protect a circuit from overload

To make or break the flow of electric current
Switch What is the purpose of a switch? A switch is a device, any device, which opens and closes an electrical connection. To make or break the flow of electric current

Switch Breaker (On) Neutral
This is a picture of a simple circuit showing a switch controlling the flow of electricity.

Now the switch is closed allowing for the flow of electricity.

This is a picture of a simple circuit showing a switch controlling the flow of electricity.

Continuity or not? Using the Red and Black arrows to show where the leads from the meter are placed, would your meter show continuity?

Continuity or not? What about now?

120v Voltage Breaker (On) Neutral
How many volts would you expect the meter to show if the leads were placed where the arrows are in this circuit? <answer comes in on the next click> What Voltage reading would you expect?

120v Voltage Breaker (On) Neutral
And now? The answer is the same as the terminal on the bottom of the switch has continuity with the neutral by way of the filament in the light bulb so it is the same measurement. What Voltage reading would you expect?

0v Voltage Breaker (On) Neutral What Voltage reading would you expect?
While the bottom terminal still has continuity with neutral, the switch is now closed. Since the meter measures the amount of DIFFERENCE in electrical pressure, and there is no electrical pressure difference between the two terminals, there is now a measurement of 0v at the point of measurement. This point can also be used to reinforce the need to understand meter usage. What Voltage reading would you expect?

Video: Replace a Single-pole Wall Switch
Watch Video

Video: Change a Single-post Dining Room
Watch Video

Three-Way Switch Used to control one device from 2 locations.
Both ends of a hallway Top and bottom of stairs A 3 way switch is used to control a single device (normally light) from 2 locations. To properly wire a switch it is a good idea to understand how it works.

Three-Way Switch Common Traveler Traveler
These 2 slides explain the function of three way switches. Traveler Traveler

Three-Way Switch Breaker (On) Neutral
The following 6 slides show how 2 Three way switches control the flow of electricity to a single device

Three-Way Switch Breaker (On) Neutral

Video: Three-Way Switch
Watch Video

Receptacle Allows to safely extend a circuit.
Polarized - Neutral is wider Overview of a receptacle. The reason for polarizing came about due to the need for light sockets and other user maintained equipment to always have the hot wire identified. In the case of a light socket, the only way to ensure that the bottom tip of the socket (the little brass spring “finger” that sticks up from the bottom of the socket) is always hot, is to ensure that the receptacle will only accept the plug one way. This is done so that the threads of the socket will not be hot protecting the person changing the bulb from accidental contact with electrical current.

Receptacle In order for Polarization to work, the wires on the back of the outlet must be consistent. This is ensured by color coding on the screw terminals the hot wire goes to the brass screw, and neutral goes to the silver screw. Grounding will always be the screw connected to the conductive metal support regardless if the screw is green or not.

Receptacle Breaker (On) Neutral Simple outlet circuit

Receptacle Breaker (On) Neutral
Switched outlet circuit… IMPROPERLY WIRED!!! The bridge tab should be removed (show next slide) on the hot side

If that tab is not removed, the outlet will still be powered all the time, and when the switch is turned on, it will cause a short.

Proper wiring shown of a switched outlet circuit. The bottom socket of the receptacle is switched.

Video: Change a Receptacle
Watch Video Play Lock out Tag out Video

GFCI Protects user Near Water Can be installed in series
The GFCI operates by measuring and comparing the amount of amperage moving through the hot side and returning on the neutral side of the circuit. If there 2 amounts are not balanced, then the GFCI will trip, interrupting the circuit.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
Other receptacles can be wired in series to the GFCI with the same protection as the face of the GFCI outlet by connecting to the Load terminals.

Video: GFCI Test and Reset
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Incandescent Light Fixture
Incandescent light fixture parts and components. This can be contrasted with the next slide…

Video: Change an Incandescent Fixture
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Fluorescent Light Fixture
The components of the Florescent light fixture.

Video: Change a Ballast
Watch Video

Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
Saves Power Directly (CFL) = Incandescent 15watts = 60watts Saves power Indirectly Incandescent bulbs produce heat that must be removed; CFL produces much less Slide showing common reasons why Fluorescent bulbs are popular today.

Safety First All Fluorescent bulbs contain Mercury
Be aware of Local Codes for proper disposal In many areas it is illegal to throw bulbs away Remind students of the importance of handling fluorescent bulb disposal properly.

Smoke & Carbon Monoxide
Detectors Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Remind students of the importance of handling fluorescent bulb disposal properly. Please check local codes for requirements

Carbon Monoxide Tasteless, Odorless, Invisible, POISON
Deadly at high concentrations Low concentrations can compound pre-existing health conditions Carbon Monoxide or CO is an important substance to be aware of. More and more states are requiring CO detectors to be installed in various areas.

Carbon Monoxide Commonly misdiagnosed as flu-like syndrome.
Health affects of carbon monoxide poisoning Commonly misdiagnosed as flu-like syndrome. Lower chronic exposures to CO may not be diagnosed but head stuffiness, sinus pressure & headache may be symptoms of CO Sickness. Symptoms may vary due to overall health, age, sex or weight of person exposed and how much CO they were exposed to. Human beings breath in air (O2 & N). Oxygen goes to red blood cells and N goes to proteins in red blood cells. When displaced by carbon monoxide, cellular breakdown occurs with lack of oxygen. Additionally, heart rate can increase as the heart compensates with increased efforts to pump more blood to get more oxygen. Because all humans are not of equal health, some concentrations can be deadly or more harmful to some people and not as harmful to others. Elderly people or people with heart disease may be many times more vulnerable to lower level CO atmospheres than healthy hearted younger people. Infants with perhaps increased metabolisms and lesser capacities can be quickly over run with this internal suffocation. Traditional therapy for CO poisoning is the administering of oxygen to the victim or the hyperbaric force of administered oxygen in an enclosed chamber. (Source: Carbon Monoxide Safety Association: COSA)

Installation (hard wire)
How to wire detectors in series. It is a good idea to remind students to verify operation by using Smoke in a can or a lit match instead of only testing the buzzer and power.

Q&A Q A

Thank You For Attending
Action Plan Page 78 Curb appeal discussion. Thank You For Attending

Electrical Repair and Maintenance

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