1. Organization of a paper: Signposting and punctuation
Reference: Swales, J. & Feak, C Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.

2. We’ve been talking about flow…
Language of academic papers  vocabulary shift
Organizing information in a paper  paragraphs and sentences
Now, to establish a clear connection of ideas…
Use linking words and phrases as well as punctuation

3. Part 1: Linking words and phrases :
Can help maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas
Can be arranged according to their function and grammatical use

4. Addition
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
Furthermore,
In addition,
Moreover,
Also
Additionally,
In addition to…

5. Adversativity
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
Although
Even though
However,
Nevertheless,
Despite
In spite of

6. Cause and effect
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
Because
Since
Thereby
Therefore,
As a result,
Consequently,
Hence,
Thus**,
Because of
Due to
As a result of

7. Clarification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
In other words,
That is (i.e.)

8. Contrast
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
While
Whereas
In contrast,
However,
On the other hand,
Conversely,
Unlike

9. Illustration
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
For example,
For instance,

10. Intensification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
On the contrary
As a matter of fact,
In fact

11. Parallelism
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
While
Simultaneously
At the same time --

12. This (these)+ summary word
ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot usually be aquired quickly.
Refers to the previous phrase (givennew)

13. Part 2: Punctuation
Sentence connectors raise the important issue of punctuation
You have to learn the proper use of punctuation in English and in your field
We only deal with some punctuation, namely comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and dash(-)

14. Semicolon Join two completely independent sentences
Work much like a full stop (period)
Air traffic delays due to high traffic volume have increased considerably over the last decade; these delays have become a major public policy issue.
Can be used with sentence connectors
Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.

15. Semicolon Can be used to separate rather long items in list:
Some of the solutions to the air traffic delay problem include increasing the size of airports that routinely experiece flight delays; overhauling the air traffic control system so that more flights can be safely handled; and increasing landing fees.
Note that usually you separate items in a list with a comma

16. Colon and Comma Weaker stops Comma (,) separates items in a list
Colon (:) introduces a list
Commas used with conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinators (although, if, whereas)
There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather, excessive volume, runway closures, and equipment outages.

17. Dash Sometimes a dash is used to introduce a list
Mostly, though, dash is used to intrude additional information to a sentence, much like brackets ().
There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather – such as a snowstorm – may ground planes…