1. Imperative Lesson 10

2. What is the imperative? The imperative is used to give commands. It is often used with the vocative case. – Gino, study! Gino is the vocative and study is the imperative. – Maggie, wake up! Maggie is the vocative and wake up is the imperative. – Sophia, do your work! Sophia is in the vocative case, and do is the imperative.

3. Formation of the imperative (Positive) The imperative can be formed in the singular and the plural and is formed the same way for all conjugations. – Singular imperative=present stem (use the 2 nd principal part and remove the –re) – Plural imperative=present stem + te

4. Chart of singular and plural imperatives 1 st conjugation 2 nd conjugation 3 rd conjugation 3 rd io conjugation 4 th conjugation Singular Imperative ambulāterrēcurreIaceInveni Plural Imperative ambulāteterrētecurriteiaciteinvenite Notice the vowel change from e to i in the 3 rd and 3 rd io conjugation when going from singular to plural.

5. Formation of the imperative (Negative) Just as with the positive imperative, the negative imperative can be formed in the singular and the plural and is formed the same way for all conjugations. – Singular imperative= Noli + infinitive (2 nd principal part) Noli currere  Don’t run! (talking to one person) – Plural imperative= Nolite + infinitive (2 nd principal part) Nolite currere  Don’t run! (talking to more than one person)

6. Chart of singular and plural imperatives (Negative) 1 st conjugation 2 nd conjugation 3 rd conjugation 3 rd io conjugation 4 th conjugation Singular Imperative Noli ambulare Noli terrēreNoli currereNoli iacereNoli invenire Plural Imperative Nolite ambulāre Nolite terrēre Nolite currere Nolite iacereNolite invenire

7. Irregular Imperatives There are a few verbs who do not form their imperatives in the way mentioned above. Commit these verbs and their imperative forms to your memory. – Dico, dicere (to say)  Dic! Dicite! – Duco, ducere (to lead, take, bring)  Duc! Ducite! – Facio, facere (to make, do)  Fac! Facite! – Fero, ferre (to bring, carry)  Fer! Ferte!