1. Wake-up 1.What are the monomers of proteins? 1.What macromolecule is the only one that has the element Phosphorus? 1.Explain the term Biological Catalyst.

2. EOC Review #1: Biochemistry and Enzymes Christopherson

3. What is Biochemistry? Chemistry of living organisms

4. Basic Elements of Life Remember: CHNOPS C = Carbon H = Hydrogen N = Nitrogen O = OxygenP = Phosphorus S = Sulfur

5. Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

6. Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

7. Four Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches)

8. Carbohydrate Also known as: Sugars and starches Elements present: How many of each element are present? C, H, O C=6, H=12, O=6 Ratio – 1:2:1

9. Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

10. Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose – sugar created in photosynthesis and broken down in cell respiration

11. Simple Sugar Indicator: Benedict’s

12. Positive Test: Turns Green, Yellow, Orange, or Red (depends on amount of sugar)

13. Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars

14. Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Plants; stored energy

15. Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Plants; Structure

16. Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Animals; stored energy

17. Carbohydrate Functions #1 Immediate energy source Burn quickly

18. Carbohydrate Function #2 Stored Energy Organisms store what they don’t use

19. Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and arthropods

20. Starch Indicator: Iodine

21. Positive Test: Turns Black

22. Four Macromolecules: 2. Lipids - Fats

23. Lipids Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes Elements present: Monomer: Polymer: C, H, O high ratios Glycerol and fatty acid tails Triglyceride

24. Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

25. Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation

26. Lipids Function #3 Phospholipids: Regulate water movement in and out of the cell (cell membrane)

27. Lipids Function #4 Steroids: regulate metabolism, immune response, reproduction, etc.

28. Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

29. Positive Test: Grease Spot

30. Four Macromolecules: 3. Proteins

31. Protein Elements present: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

32. Protein Monomers Amino Acid

33. Protein Polymer Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

34. Protein Structure

35. Proteins Function #1 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells

36. Proteins Function #2 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen

37. Protein Function - #3 Enzymes (Protein) speed up and control chemical reactions

38. Proteins Function #4 Provides structure in hair, nails, and skin

39. Proteins Function #5 Make up the structure and function of muscles

40. Proteins Function #6 Help transport substances in and out of the cell

41. Protein Indicator: Biuret’s

42. Positive Test: Turns Purple

43. Four Macromolecules: 4. Nucleic Acids

44. Nucleic Acids Elements present: Monomer: C,H,O,N, P Nucleotide

45. Nucleic Acid Function #1 Usable form of energy (ATP)

46. Nucleic Acid Function #2 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA)

47. Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA

48. What do you know? Answer the questions listed on the review sheet. Make sure that you are using the correct test.

49. Enzymes Christopherson

50. Enzymes Review Enzymes are proteins; made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

51. Enzymes Review Regulates the chemical reactions of the cell;

52. Enzymes Review End in –ase For example: Lactase

53. Enzyme Characteristics #1 Biological Catalysts; Catalysts speed up chemical reactions

54. What is a Catalyst? Lowers the activation energy; energy needed to start a chemical reaction

55. Enzymes Characteristics #2 Have an active site; binding site for substrates; makes them site specific

56. How Enzymes Work Enzyme; Catalyst Substrate; Reactant Active Site Product Enzyme-Substrate Complex 1. Substrate matched the active site of the enzyme 2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms; Enzyme molds around the substrate for a reaction 3. Enzyme releases the product; Enzyme remains unchanged. 1 22 3

57. Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature*Temperature* High Temperatures can denature enzymes Denature means lose shape (active site).

59. Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature Low Temperatures cause enzymes to move slowly Decreasing enzyme activity

60. Environmental Effects on Enzymes 2. pH Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme Decreasing enzyme activity

61. pH scale 114 768 Acid Base Strong Acid Strong Base Weak Acid Weak Base Neutral

62. Effects on Enzymes 3. Amount of substrate