1. Topic Overview

2.  Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of the Earth’s oceans.

3.  Resolved—statement of belief  United States federal government—sovereign entity based in Washington D.C. Not the states.  Substantially—big, or nothing  Increase—make larger  Its—possessive  Non-military—not the armed forces

4.  Exploration: looking for things—may be distinct from research  And/or: one, the other, or both  Development—broad definitions include  Explore and assess resources  Harness and manage resources and create new resources  Cope with and protect its environment  Develop human resources (knowledge, skill, expertise)  Marine science and technology  Earth—this planet, not Titan  Oceans—Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, (Great Southern), plus connected saltwater bodies (gulfs, bays, seas)

5.  Several major pieces of legislation, including;  Coastal Zone Management Act  Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management Act  Marine Mammal Protection Act  Oceans Act of 2000—created U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, produced major 2004 report  Several executive actions, esp. National Ocean Policy (EO 13545) / National Policy for the Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts and the Great Lakes

6.  Department of Commerce (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration—NOAA)  Department of Defense (Army Corps of Engineers, DARPA, U.S. Navy)  Department of Energy  Department of Interior (USGS, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement)  Department of State  Department of Transportation  National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)

7.  It is  Culture  Ecosystem Services  Energy  Food  Military/Security  Recreation  Trade

8.  Biodiversity / Ecosystem Services & Stability  Climate Change  Economy & Trade  Energy  Food  Geopolitics  Resources  Structural Violences

9.  Critical Exploration  Exploratory Expeditions  Deep Sea  Specific ecosystems/geographic areas (Arctic)  Mapping  Monitoring  Acidification  Bioindicators (other)  Climate  Tsunami  Weather / storms

10.  Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)  Prohibit Bad Practices  Ballast water dumping  Coastal Development  Unsafe oil transportation  Protect/Preserve Specific Areas  Coral Reefs  Estuaries  Mangroves  Whaling Bans

11.  Lots of people depend on food from the oceans  Overfishing is a serious problem, threatening both biodiversity and food security  Affirmatives will  Alter how we regulate the “take” from a fishery  Limit bad fishing practices  Promote alternatives to capturing wild fish (aquaculture)  Whaling / Makah  Salmon!

12.  Should be really popular  Many potential options  Renewables  Wind power  OTEC  Wave power  Tidal power  Hydrocarbons  Old school—oil and natural gas  New school—methane hydrates

13.  Human Migrations  Law of the Sea Treaty (LOST) Ratification  Piracy  Radical Ecologies  Situated-ness  Specific Areas—Arctic!!  Water—seawater desalination  Throw Blaize in the ocean

14.  Budget—tradeoffs, spending  Environment  Energy Prices / Fuel Switching  Politics—agenda, midterms  Trade

15.  Have someone else do the exploration / development  USFG Agents—congress v. executive v. courts  Non-USFG Agents—states, other countries, private actors  Advantage Counterplans—fix the problem using a different mechanism

16.  Development Ks  Radical Ecology Ks  Security Ks  Situated-ness Ks  Class  Gender  Race