2. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 1 Engineering Problem Solving with C++, Etter/Ingber Chapter 8 An Introduction to Classes

3. An Introduction To Classes 4 Programmer Defined Types 4 Design and Implementation of Classes 4 Class Composition 4 Constructors  The vector class  private M ethods 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 2

4. PROGRAMMER DEFINED TYPES 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 3

5. Data Types 4 A data type is a concrete implementation of a concept. 4 Built in types include: –int, double, char 4 Pre-defined class types include: –string, istream, ostream 4 Real world applications work with concepts that are not available as built-in or pre-defined types. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 4

6. Programmer Defined Types 4 Consider the concept of a point in a plane, defined as a: –xCoordinate –yCoordinate 4 Subtraction between points can be defined as a binary operation that returns the distance between two points in a plane. Point p1, p2; double dist; dist = p2-p1;  As a programmer, we can define a new type named Point by defining a C++ class named Point. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 5

7. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 6 Programmer Defined Types  A well-designed class type provides: –a good public interface. –encapsulation of the implementation.  A good public interface provides a complete yet minimal set of public operations. 4 Encapsulation hides the implementation from the user.  A good public interface and encapsulation allow for efficient maintenance and expandability of the class type.

8. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASSES class declaration class implementation 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 7

9. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 8 Defining C++ Classes  The definition of a class consists of two parts: –The class declaration saved in a file with a.h extension –The class implementation saved in a file with a.cpp extension the.cpp file should #include the.h file

10. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 9 The class Declaration  A class declaration begins with the key word class followed by an identifier that specifies the name of the new class. 4 The body of the class declaration is a statement block that includes: –declaration statements for the data members (attributes) –prototypes for the member functions (methods)  Keywords public, protected and private control the accessibility of the attributes and methods.

11. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 10 Example - Point class Declaration //Point class declaration: // filename: Point.h class Point { private: double xCoord, yCoord;//private attributes public: //Two accessor methods: double getX() const; double getY() const; //Two mutator methods: void setX(double newX); void setY(double newY); //Distance Formula double operator –(const Point& p2) const; }; semicolon is required!

12. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 11 The Point class Declaration  Two private attributes (encapsulation).  Five public methods (public interface).  The use of the const modifier in the prototypes of the accessor methods prohibits modification of the calling object.  The const modifier is not used with the mutator methods because the intent of a mutator method is modification of the calling object.

13. Method Definition  A method is a function that is a member of class.  A method header must include the name of a class, followed by the scope resolution operator (::) and the name of the method. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 12 Syntax: return type class-name::method-name([parameter list])[modifier]

14. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 13 The class Implementation  The class implementation includes a definition for each of the methods declared in the class declaration.  The scope resolution operator (::) is required in the method header to associate the method name with the name of the class in which the method is declared to be a member. 4 The class implementation file must include the class declaration (.h file).

15. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 14 Implementation of Point class //implementation for Point //filename: Point.cpp #include "Point.h" //Required for Point #include //Required for sqrt(),pow() //accessor method double Point::getX() const { return xCoord; } //mutator method void Point::setX(double newX) { xCoord = newX; }

16. Implementation of Point class //Distance Formula double Point::operator –(const Point& rhs) const { double t1, t2, d; t1 = rhs.xCoord – xCoord; //(x2-x1) t2 = rhs.yCoord – yCoord; //(y2-y1) d = std::sqrt( std::pow(t1,2) + std::pow(t2,2) ); return d; } 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 15 std:: is required when the using namespace std; statement is not given. xCoord and yCoord are provided by the calling object.

17. The Calling Object  An object is an instance of a class.  Objects reference (call) the public methods defined for their class. Example: #include "Point.h" //Required for Point #include //Required for cout int main() { //A Point has an xCoord and a yCoord Point p1; //p1 is a Point p1.setX(5.1); //p1 is the calling object std::cout << p1.getX() << std::endl; return 0; } 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 16 Output: 5.1

18. UML CLASS DIAGRAM FOR POINT 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 17 Point -xCoord -yCoord +getX() +getY() +setX() +setY() +operator –() Note: - => private + => public

19. CLASS COMPOSITION 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 18

20. Class Composition  Object oriented problem solutions are built around class hierarchies and associations. 4 Class composition is an association used to model a "has-a" relationship between classes: –the whole "has-a" component. –the component is "part-of" the whole. 4 Class composition allows for efficient building of complex programmer defined types. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 19

21. Example: 4 A rectangle is a shape that has a: – point of origin –width –height 4 Implement the concept of a rectangle by defining a programmer defined type named Rectangle. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 20

22. UML CLASS COMPOSITION DIAGRAM 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 21 Rectangle Point 1 -double width -double height -Point origin

23. CONSTRUCTORS default constructors parameterized constructors function overloading 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 22

24. Constructors  A constructor is a method designed to build an instance of a class.  A constructor has the same name as its class. 4 A constructor has no specified return value. 4 A constructor is called automatically each time an object is defined. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 23 Syntax: class-name::class-name([parameter list])[:initialization list] { }

25. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 24 Constructors 4 There are two forms of constructors: –Default Constructor constructor with no formal parameters, other than default parameters. attributes are initialized to the default value. –Parameterized Constructor constructor with one or more formal parameters. constructor arguments determine the initial values of the attributes.

26. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 25 Default Constructor: Point 4 Prototype: add to Point.h Point(); or Point(double x=0, double y=0); x=0 and y=0 are default parameters.

27. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 26 Default Constructor: Point 4 Definition: add to Point.cpp Point::Point() { xCoord = yCoord = 0; } or Point::Point(double x, double y) { xCoord = x; yCoord = y; }

28. Example: Default Constructor Point p1; //Default constructor is called. Memory snapshot: Point p1 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 27 0.0 double xCoord double yCoord

29. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 28 Parameterized Constructor: Point 4 Prototype: add to Point.h Point(double xVal, double yVal); 4 Definition: add to Point.cpp Point::Point(double xVal, double yVal) { xCoord = xVal; yCoord = yVal; }

30. Example: Parameterized Constructor Point p1(1.5, 4.2); //Parameterized constructor. Memory snapshot: Point p1 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 29 1.5 4.2 double xCoord double yCoord

31. Point.h Revisited: 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 30 //Point class declaration: // filename: Point.h class Point { private: double xCoord, yCoord;//private attributes public: //Two constructors: Point(); Point(double x, double y); //Two accessor methods: double getX() const; double getY() const; //Two mutator methods: void setX(double newX); void setY(double newY); //Distance Formula double operator –(const Point& p2) const; }; Point constructors are example of overloaded methods.

32. Function Overloading 4 Function overloading occurs when one or more functions have the same name. –Point(); –Point(double x, double y); 4 Overloaded functions share the same name, but each function must have a unique function signature. 4 A function signature includes the : –function name –parameter list –modifiers –return value is NOT part of the function signature. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 31

33. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 32 Practice! Implement the following class declaration: class Rational {private: int num, denom; public: rational( );// initialize to 1/1 rational(int n, int d); int getNum(); int getDenom(); };

34. THE VECTOR CLASS parameter passing 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 33

35. The vector class  The vector class is a pre-defined class template included in the C++ Standard Template Library.  The vector class provides a generic implementation of the concept of an array.  vector objects can increase and decrease their size dynamically. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 34

36. 6/24/2016J. Ingber Introduction to C++35 vector Objects  We can define an instance of the vector class in a type declaration statement. Syntax: vector identifier[(size,initial-value)] Examples: vector list; //empty vector vector wordList(n); //capacity:n strings //vector of 8 integers, each initialized to 0 vector intList(8,0);

37. 6/24/2016J. Ingber Introduction to C++36 vector class  #include //pre-defined in STL 4 Common member functions: empty() // returns true if vector contains no values pop_back() // deletes last element in vector push_back() // add element to end of vector resize() // changes the size of vector size() // returns the size of vector capacity() // returns the capacity of vector

38. 6/24/2016J. Ingber Introduction to C++37 Operators  The square bracket operator ( [ ] ) is defined for vector objects. 4 The assignment operator ( = )is defined for vectors of the same type. Example: vector list(10); vector newList; list[0]=10; … newList = list; cout << newList.size() << endl; //method

39. Parameter Passing  When a vector object is passed as an argument to a function, the default is pass by value. 4 Pass by reference can be specified with the & operator. Example: void scale(vector & dVec, double sFactor); void print(vector dVec);//pass by value void print2(const vector & dVec); Point closeToOrigin(vector pointVec); 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 38

40. PRIVATE METHODS 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 39

41. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 40 Helper Methods  private or protected member functions. 4 Called by other member functions. 4 Designed to "help" behind the scenes.

42. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 41 Example Design a class to implement the concept of a unit vector. Attributes: an anchor point (the base of the vector) an orientation of 0 - 360 degrees. Methods: translate(double dx, double dy): rotate (int dDegrees);

43. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 42 Translation - change position but not orientation

44. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 43 Rotation - change orientation around anchor point

45. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 44 Class Declaration class UnitVector { public: UnitVector(); // contstructors UnitVector(double init_x, double init_y, int init_orientation); void rotate(int d_orient); // rotate the vector void translate(double dx, double dy); // translate the // vector. private: //helper function void fixOrientation(); // Calculate a legal orientation double x, y; // The anchor point of the object. int orientation; //orientation };

46. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 45 Class Implementation //Constructors UnitVector::UnitVector(double initX, double initY, int initO)) : x(initX), y(initY), orientation(initO) { fixOrientation(); } UnitVector::UnitVector( ): x(0), y(0), orientation(0) { }

47. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 46 Member Function Definitions // rotate the calling vector void UnitVector::rotate(int d_orient) {orientation += d_orient; fixOrientation(); } // translate the calling vector void UnitVector::translate(double dx, double dy) {x += dx; y += dy; }

48. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 47 Helper Function Definition //This function adjusts the orientation value //Original orientation may be = 360) //Adjusted orientation is 0<=orientation < 360. void UnitVector::fixOrientation() { if(orientation < 0) orientation = 360 + orientation%360; else orientation = orientation%360; }

49. 6/24/2016Engineering Problem Solving with C++, second edition, J. Ingber 48 Practice! Which of the statements on the right is valid within a main program which contains an include for this header file. class rational {private: int num, denom; int LCD( ); public: rational( ); rational(int n, int d); void input (istream & istr ); void output (ostream & ostr); void reduce ( ); };  rational A;  rational B(5, 9);  input(A);  B.output(cout);  int div=B.LCD();  A.denom = 3;  B.reduce;