1. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

2. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line
Root of
tooth
Socket of
alveolar
process
Periodontal
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.

3. Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Suture
line
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

4. Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

5. Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root of
tooth
Socket of
alveolar
process
Periodontal
ligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal
ligament holds tooth in socket.
Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

6. Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.

7. Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

8. Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

9. Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.b c d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.

10. Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
Hinge joint (elbow joint) a c d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.

11. Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.

12. Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.

13. Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb) a b c d f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.

14. Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a b c d e
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.

15. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

16. Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.

17. Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.

18. Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Hyperextension
Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column
Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.

19. Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Extension
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee
Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.

20. Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.

21. Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Lateral
rotation
Medial
Rotation
Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.

22. Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Supination
(radius and
ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation
(radius
rotates
over ulna)
Figure 8.6a Special body movements.

23. Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Figure 8.6b Special body movements.

24. Figure 8.6c Special body movements.
Eversion
Inversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
Figure 8.6c Special body movements.

25. Figure 8.6d Special body movements.
Protraction
of mandible
Retraction
(d) Protraction and retraction
Figure 8.6d Special body movements.

26. Figure 8.6e Special body movements.
Elevation
of mandible
Depression
(e) Elevation and depression
Figure 8.6e Special body movements.

27. Figure 8.6f Special body movements.
(f) Opposition
Opposition
Figure 8.6f Special body movements.

28. Posterior cruciate Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle
Tibial collateral
Anterior cruciate
Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament
Patella
Quadriceps tendon
Lateral condyle
of femur
Lateral
meniscus
Fibula
Tibia
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally)

29. Figure 8.8f The knee joint. Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus on
medial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
Figure 8.8f The knee joint.

30. Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the
mandible
Outline of
the mandibular
fossa
Superior view
Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

31. Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus.

33. LYME DISEASE