1. Screen 1 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the need for policies aimed at improving food security; Describe the main features of food security policies; and Acknowledge food security as a policy issue cutting across different sectors.

2. Screen 2 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework INTRODUCTION Many governments have set food security objectives within the framework of national development policies Hunger and malnutrition require specific policy actions

3. Screen 3 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework Typical approaches to designing Food Security Policies (FSP): Incorporating FSP issues into other national development policies and strategies. Preparing a special Food Security Policy document. INTRODUCTION Food Security Policies Food Security Policy

4. Screen 4 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Physical AVAILABILITY of food Economic and physical ACCESS to food Food UTILIZATION STABILITY of the other three dimensions over time Food Security Food insecurity exists if even one of these conditions is not met. Food Insecurity

5. Screen 5 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Appropriate policy measures to remedy different FS problems should be defined. INSUFFICIENT SUPPLIES Problem INSUFFICIENT ACCESS INEFFECTIVE UTILIZATION INSTABILITY OF FOOD SUPPLIES Remedy Increasing food supplies Improving access Improving utilization Stabilizing food supplies

6. Screen 6 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Interactions between the different dimensions of FS need to be considered when FSP are designed. Interaction between different FS dimensions Low levels of agricultural production limit food supplies and also agricultural income, thus constraining access of farm households to sufficient food and making them vulnerable to temporary food shortages.

7. Screen 7 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework USES OF VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FSPs that can be used to improve the 4 dimensions of FS: Policies to increase food supplies (availability) Policies to improve access to food – poverty alleviation Policies to improve utilization Policies to ensure stability of food supplies SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES

8. Screen 8 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to increase food supplies (availability) Sources of food supplies: domestic food production; and food imports. Food availability can be increased: Increasing domestic food production; and Facilitating food imports.

9. Screen 9 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to improve access to food - poverty alleviation Access refers to capacity of households and individuals to obtain the food they need. FS and poverty alleviation policies will have to focus on: Agricultural development focusing on poor farmers Employment and income generation Public transfers / social safety nets

10. Screen 10 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to improve utilization Effective utilization = ability to utilize food maintaining its nutritive quality and making it available to the consumer. It can be inhibited by: lack of knowledge about proper food preparation; lack of knowledge about nutritional requirements; diseases and poor health; lack of hygiene, sanitation, safe drinking water.

11. Screen 11 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework improving food preservation and preparation technologies; establishment of proper food standards; improving public health; provision of safe drinking water; improved sanitation; and hygiene and nutrition education. SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to improve utilization Policy measures to improve utilization:

12. Screen 12 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework Instabilities in access and availability can result from: seasonal variations of food supplies; annual variations of food supplies; and acute shortages. SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to ensure stability of food supplies

13. Screen 13 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework Relevant policy measures for preventing temporary supply shortfalls are related to establishing a system of disaster preparedness and response, including a EWS and a set of measures to ensure food stability. SUBJECTS OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES Policies to ensure stability of food supplies

14. Screen 14 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework Examples of “twin-track-“ or “multiple-track-approaches“ POLICIES WITH MULTIPLE EFFECTS ON FOOD SECURITY Agricultural development policies enhancing the productivity of small and poor farmers -> increased food production and supplies; increased incomes and improved access to food; improved stability of production and access. Irrigation policies -> production/supplies, income/ access and stability. Agricultural marketing policies -> food production and supplies; access via producer and consumer prices and incomes; stability of access and supplies. Policy measures to improve rural infrastructure -> access, supply, stability, and utilization. Policy measures serving more than one food security objective are called “twin-track-“ or “multiple-track-approaches”.

15. Screen 15 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework POLICIES WITH MULTIPLE EFFECTS ON FOOD SECURITY Multiple effects of policy measures in different policy spheres: affecting FOOD AVAILABILITY …affecting STABILITY affecting ACCESS affecting UTILIZATION & NUTRITION Agricultural development Water and sanitation Food stocks Rural infrastructure Resource conservation Food processing & preservation, Food safety Education Health & nutrition Rural finance Food marketing Irrigation Land tenure POLICIES regarding … Food imports Food aid deliveries Relief food assistance Feeding programmes Safety nets Employment Formal Informal Urban Rural Public employment schemes

16. Screen 16 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES This, in order to: know to what extent FS concerns are already addressed in relevant policies and strategies; identify policy gaps still to be filled. In designing food security policies, it is necessary to review other existing policies that are relevant for FS.

17. Screen 17 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES Agricultural Policies (e.g. Agric. Sector Strategy, Irrigation, Seed & Subsidy Policy) Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) Emergency preparedness & response (Disaster Management, Food Aid) Social Sector Policies (e.g. HIV/AIDS, Health, Nutrition Pension scheme) Millennium Development Goals SADC Policies NEPAD Policies & Programmes Regional Donor Programmes & Policies

18. Screen 18 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES Significant impact on Macro- / sector policy:AccessAvailabilityStabilityUtilization Agricultural development, general Agricultural marketing Education Emergency preparedness and management Employment and income generation Food aid Food prices Food safety When a macro- or sector policy is likely to have a significant impact?

19. Screen 19 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES Significant impact on Macro- / sector policy:AccessAvailabilityStabilityUtilization Agricultural development, general 123 Agricultural marketing 456 Education 78 Emergency preparedness and management 9 Employment and income generation 10 Food aid 111213 Food prices 141516 Food safety 17 When a macro- or sector policy is likely to have a significant impact?

20. Screen 20 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES Significant impact on Macro- / sector policy:AccessAvailabilityStabilityUtilization Food stocks / food reserves Foreign trade / food imports Health & Nutrition Input subsidies Irrigation Natural resource conservation Poverty reduction Rural infrastructure Social protection / safety net Water & sanitation

21. Screen 21 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework LINKAGES TO OTHER POLICIES, STRATEGIES & PROGRAMMES Significant impact on Macro- / sector policy:AccessAvailabilityStabilityUtilization Food stocks / food reserves1819 Foreign trade / food imports2021 Health & Nutrition22 Input subsidies23242526 Irrigation272829 Natural resource conservation303132 Poverty reduction33 Rural infrastructure343536 Social protection / safety net3738 Water & sanitation39

22. Screen 22 of 22 Food Security Policies – Formulation and Implementation Establishment of a Food Security Policy Framework SUMMARY There are two typical approaches to designing food security policies: preparing a special Food Security Policy document; or incorporating food security policy issues into other national development policies and strategies. Food security policies have to address those conditions for food security that are not (yet) fulfilled. They can be designed to: increase food supplies (availability); improve access to food – poverty alleviation; improve utilization; or ensure stability of food supplies. Policy measures serving more than one food security objective are called “twin-track- “ or “multiple-track-approaches”. In designing food security policies, it is necessary to review other existing policies that are relevant for food security, in order to identify policy gaps still to be filled.