1. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Extinction and Stimulus Control Chapter 8

2. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Extinction Extinction – nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response resulting in a decrease in the strength of that response, –Both a procedure and a process

3. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Side Effects of Extinction Extinction bursts Increase in Variability Emotional Behavior – frustration Aggression Resurgence (regression) Depression

4. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Resistance to Extinction Resistance to extinction – extent to which responding persists after an extinction period has been initiated. –Schedule of Reinforcement* more intermittent –History of Reinforcement more reinforcers –Magnitude of Reinforcer –Degree of Deprivation –Previous Experience with Extinction –Distinctive Signal for Extinction

5. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Other Procedures to Eliminate Behavior Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior Punishment with DRO or DRI

6. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Stimulus Control “All of Psychology is Stimulus Control” Controlling stimulus- alter the probability of an operant SD- Discriminative stimulus - sets the occasion for reinforcement of an operant. S  sets the occasion for non-reinforcement or extinction of an operant

7. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Stimulus Generalization Stimulus generalization – tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the SD. –Generalization gradient – graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli similar to SD

8. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Stimulus Discrimination Stimulus discrimination – tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus than another. Discrimination training – reinforcement of responding in presence of one stimulus and not another

9. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Generalization Generalization - similar behavior in different situations Generalization gradients - Guttman and Kalish (1956) –Peak shift - Hanson (1959) –Absolute and relative (relational) stimulus control

10. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Stimulus Control and Multiple Schedules Multiple schedule - two or more schedules of reinforcement are presented each accompanied by a discriminative stimulus. Mult VI, EXT Discrimination index ID =(SD rate)/(SD rate +S  rate) behavioral contrast- negative association between response rates in two components of a multiple schedule. Change in the rate of reinforcement on one component of a multiple schedule changes the rate of response on another component. –Positive contrast – decrease in the rate of reinforcement in one component increases the rate of response in unchanged component increases –Negative contrast – increase in rate of reinforcement on one component decreases the rate of response the unchanged component decreases.

11. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Anticipatory Contrast Rate of response varies inversely with an upcoming change in rate of reinforcement. –More amorous with impending separation.

12. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Errorless Discrimination and Fading Errorless Discrimination - Terrace (1963) –S delta introduced early in training –S delta initially presented in a weak form Problem –Difficult to modify

13. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Compound Schedules Mixed Multiple Tandem Chained Concurrent Conjunctive Alternative