2. LEARNING WITHOUT WORDS Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement Addendum 5A: Extinction and Superstition

3. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

6. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

13. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

16. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

17. Extinction in historical perspective Extinction ala Pavlov: Cortical irradiation of inhibition Extinction as a process distinguished from reinforcement Extinction as active suppression Phenomena taken as evidence for extinction as active suppression Spontaneous recovery Disinhibition Side effects Peak shifts and contrast effects

18. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement Addendum 5A: Extinction and Superstition

19. Extinction in the context of inhibitory theory What is inhibited by what? What are the units of inhibition and of what is inhibited? Why should inhibition of one response be accompanied by excitation of others? How are the units of excitation related to those of inhibition? If behavior is a biological system, how does inhibition work in other cases, such as vision or hearing?

20. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

30. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement

33. Motivating Variables and Reinforcer Classes Assessing Reinforcers: Reinforcer Classes and Reinforcer-Specific Effects Conditioned or Conditional Reinforcement Pseudo-Reinforcement Bribes Intrinsic Reinforcers and the Hidden Costs of Reward Addendum 14A: Motivating Events in Escape and Avoidance

34. Motivating Variables and Reinforcer Classes Assessing Reinforcers: Reinforcer Classes and Reinforcer-Specific Effects Conditioned or Conditional Reinforcement Pseudo-Reinforcement Bribes Intrinsic Reinforcers and the Hidden Costs of Reward

35. Motivating Variables and Reinforcer Classes Assessing Reinforcers: Reinforcer Classes and Reinforcer-Specific Effects Conditioned or Conditional Reinforcement Pseudo-Reinforcement Bribes Intrinsic Reinforcers and the Hidden Costs of Reward

36. What are the implications? You can shape using reinforcers, but not using punishers: punishers reduce rather than expand the range of variations (stoperants). Therefore reinforcers are preferable to punishers if it is assumed that a wider range of variations makes a population more viable under changing contingencies. Species at risk are especially those in very specialized environments.

37. Reinforcers as Diagnostic

38. Look to the reinforcers Individual differences in behavior are sometimes products not of different contingencies but rather of the different reinforcers that are effective for different individuals (consider the different reinforcers that maintain therapeutic and scientific and athletic and artistic and political behavior). We can learn a lot by examining the contingencies, but sometimes it is even more important for us to examine the reinforcers. We do not know enough about the conditions that establish the vast variety of reinforcers that maintain human behavior.

40. Reinforcers as Opportunities for Behavior The Relativity of Reinforcement The Analysis of Reinforcement Strength: Resistance to Change Vs Response Rate Activation and Coupling The Acquisition of Behavior Sensory ‑ Motor Learning Addendum: 6A. Some Methodological and Measurement Issues Addendum: 6B. Latent Learning

41. Reinforcers as Opportunities for Behavior The Relativity of Reinforcement The Analysis of Reinforcement Strength: Resistance to Change Vs Response Rate Activation and Coupling The Acquisition of Behavior Sensory ‑ Motor Learning

42. Now we will see why it is important to think in terms of behavior hierarchies

45. Once we start thinking as reinforcers in terms of the responses for which they set the occasion, we are thinking about them in terms of their properties as behavior rather than in terms of their properties as parts of the environment.

46. Once we start thinking as reinforcers in terms of the responses for which they set the occasion, we are thinking about them in terms of their properties as behavior rather than in terms of their properties as parts of the environment. Reinforcers aren’t just kinds of stimuli.

47. Reinforcers as Opportunities for Behavior The Relativity of Reinforcement The Analysis of Reinforcement Strength: Resistance to Change Vs Response Rate Activation and Coupling The Acquisition of Behavior Sensory ‑ Motor Learning

48. Chapter 6: Reinforcers as Opportunities for Behavior The Relativity of Reinforcement The Analysis of Reinforcement Strength: Resistance to Change Vs Response Rate Activation and Coupling The Acquisition of Behavior Sensory ‑ Motor Learning Addendum: 6A. Some Methodological and Measurement Issues Addendum: 6B. Latent Learning

52. Consequences of Responding: Reinforcement Reinforcement Mazes and Learning Curves Experimental Chambers and Cumulative Records The Vocabulary of Reinforcement Extinction Extinction Versus Inhibition Response ‑ Reinforcer Contingencies and Reinforcer Deliveries Side Effects of Extinction Extinction Versus Free or Noncontingent Reinforcement Reinforcers as Opportunities for Behavior The Relativity of Reinforcement The Analysis of Reinforcement Strength: Resistance to Change Vs Response Rate Activation and Coupling The Acquisition of Behavior Sensory ‑ Motor Learning

53. The idea of reinforcement is simple, but now we can see why it is also easy to misunderstand it