3. n Define ergonomics n Define cumulative trauma disorders (CTD's) n Identify ergonomic risk factors n Review methods for minimizing risk factors in an office environment n Introduce self-evaluation checklist OBJECTIVES

4. n GOAL: Fit the Job to the Worker è Design (Management) è Adjustment (YOU!) n RESULT: è Work more Comfortably è Work more Efficiently è Work more Safely "Work Smarter, Not Harder" ERGONOMICS

5. n A type of illness which relates to the cumulative effect of micro-traumas that result from repetitive or static work, forceful exertions or awkward postures. n Examples: è Tendinitis, Tenosynovitis è Carpal Tunnel Syndrome è Shoulder, Neck, Back and Leg Discomforts CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS (CTD’s)

6. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Median nerve is compressed as it passes through narrow tunnel of bone and ligament at wrist

7. FREQUENT SYMPTOMS OF CTS n Tingling and numbness of the hand n Pain in the hand and possibly up the arm n Waking up with pain in the middle of the night n Difficulty holding objects KEY: Report symptoms early! They are treatable and reversible!

8. NON-OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS n Hobbies & Athletic Activities: è Home Computing, Sewing, Knitting, Golf, Cooking, Video Games, Gardening n Previous Trauma n Other Illnesses: è Arthritis, Diabetes n Smoking n Female Hormone Changes: è Pregnancy, Age è Oral Contraceptives

9. CTD RISK FACTORS IN OFFICES n REPETITION n POSTURE / POSITION n SUSTAINED STATIC EXERTIONS n CONTACT STRESSES n FORCEFUL EXERTIONS

10. n Repetitive work without adequate recovery time n Alternate tasks n Take frequent mini-breaks REPETITION 15 Stretch It Out!

11. n Bending wrists up or down n Bending wrist sideways n Elbows held away from body n Closing of elbow n Neck bending and twisting n Raising shoulders n Reaching above shoulders n Don't maintain natural curves of spine NON-NEUTRAL POSTURES

12. NON-NEUTRAL POSTURE

14. NEUTRAL POSTURE

15. n Prolonged holding of a single posture n Can be more fatiguing n Stress factor: working late, skipping breaks, "tightening up" SUSTAINED STATIC EXERTIONS

18. CONTACT STRESSES Pressure on the soft tissue caused by contact with sharp edges

19. n Use of excessive strength during an activity n Pinch grips require more strength than power grip n Conditioning FORCEFUL EXERTIONS

20. WORKSTATION ADJUSTMENT YOU

21. CHAIR ADJUSTMENT

22. CHAIR LUMBAR SUPPORT n Support natural curve of lower back n Adjustability is beneficial n May be supplemented by n detachable cushion

23. FOOT REST Recommended when chair is adjusted to a comfortable position in relation to other workstation components and feet do not reach floor

24. n Height: Adjust to allow operator's upper and lower arms to be at about a 90 degree angle. n Angle: Should be angled as needed to place wrists in a neutral position. Negative tilt front-to-back is considered good. n Position: Directly in front of the operator (generally centered between G-H keys). KEYBOARD PLACEMENT

26. THE FLOATING ARMS KEYBOARD

27. n Directly in front of you, if primary viewing object n Distance from eye to screen should be adjustable from about 18" to 30" n Top of monitor at eye level n 20 to 30 degrees below Horizontal line-of- sight n Screen should tilt to help eliminate screen reflections SCREEN POSITIONING

29. n Reduce reaching by placing mouse near the keyboard n Best position is usually at elbow height, keyboard height, or slightly above keyboard height n Overall goal is to use mouse with a straight or nearly straight wrist MOUSE PLACEMENT

32. WRIST RESTS

33. WRIST REST FEATURES n CAUTION: Fixed position dependency on wrist rests can lead to deviation of the wrists n Size of wrist rest – Width: About 3 inches is ideal – Height: Same as front of keyboard, or higher to achieve the beneficial effect of a slightly negative tilt keyboard n Material – Resilient – Minimal friction

34. WRIST RESTS The wrist should receive support from the wrist rest, but not so much that a fixed hand position results. The hands should be mobile along the length of the wrist rest.

35. DOCUMENT PLACEMENT n Minimize neck twisting by bringing document close to monitor n Reduce focus-refocus eyestrain by positioning the document at about the same distance as the monitor screen n Eyestrain leads to headaches, general body fatigue and muscle tension

36. DOCUMENT PLACEMENT

38. OPTIONAL DOCUMENT PLACEMENT For continual data entry from a document, consider placing document directly in front, or 50/50 monitor /document split

39. TELEPHONE

40. High percentage telephone use, consider headset

41. LIGHT SOURCES

42. WORK ARRANGEMENT

44. Locate most used equipment and references closest to you

45. GOOD PRACTICES n Review daily duties and alternate individual tasks when possible n Review work habits and minimize risk factors n Get out of your chair when possible, (e.g. retrieving items from upper shelves) n Report equipment in need of repair n Take breaks n STRETCH! GOOD PRACTICES

46. n Work with partner n Remember risk factors n Train others SELF-EVALUATION CHECKLIST

47. RISK FACTORS REVIEW n REPETITION n POSTURE/POSITION n SUSTAINED STATIC EXERTIONS n CONTACT STRESSES n FORCEFUL EXERTIONS

48. ERGO OFFICE CHECK UP

59. QUESTIONS