1. THE MAHGREB and EGYPT Egypt Libya Tunisia Countries Algeria of the Morocco Mahgreb

2. The Mahgreb

3. I. THE MAHGREB 1. North Africa bordering Mediterranean Sea. 2. Coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia & Libya 3.Muslim conquests of 7 th & 8th centuries: region was the westerly reach of Muslim world known as The Maghreb (Arabic word for “West”).

5. 4. Main ethnic groups: Berbers and Arabs. 5. Predominant languages: Arabic, Berber & French. 5. Isolated from Sub Saharan Africa by Atlas Mountains & Sahara. 7.More like No. Mediterranean than Sub Saharan Africa (climate, landforms, population, economy & history). EGYPT: CULTURALLY PART OF SW ASIA.

7. A. NARROW COASTAL PLAIN of the Mediterranean Sea w Mediterranean Climate) B. THE SAHARA 1. 3.5 MILLION SQUARE MILES (nearly the size of the USA). 2. LARGEST HOT DESERT in the world. 3. Most of region gets LESS THAN 10” OF RAIN/YEAR. 4. ATLAS MOUNTAINS of Morocco & Algeria (NW Coast of Africa) prevent moisture from the Atlantic Ocean from reaching North Africa region ( ________________ Effect)

8. 5.Little moisture or humidity in desert air so NO CLOUDS FORM. 6.Sun’s rays beat directly on land in day…high temperatures and no clouds/ can reach temperatures of about 125ºF. in the day. 7.Temp. can drop to a low as _40ºF at night (because there are no clouds to prevent daytime heat from rising from the earth). 8.Extreme temperatures & little rainfall make it hard for life to survive… LIFE FORMS MUST ADAPT OR DIE.

11. C.PEOPLE OF THE SAHARA 1.Most are Muslims; speak ARABIC. 2.Majority live ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA IN CROWDED CITIES. 3.Inland (in Sahara), people are BEDOUINS (Desert Dwellers). 4.In early times, traders crossed desert in CARAVANS for safety. 5.Many trade routes between NORTH AFRICA and WEST COASTAL COUNTRIES. (Traded SALT from the north and GOLD, IVORY, and SLAVES from the south)

14. D.DESERT PLANTS: 1. Shallow SPIDER-LIKE ROOT systems; extend outward from plant in all directions to collect water from a wide area OR 2. DEEP ROOT systems that tap sources of underground water (often have one main tap root). E.ANIMALS: 1. CAMELS: Brought by Romans from Central Asia; adapted to dry climate & can survive for long periods without FOOD OR WATER. 2. Bedouins have goats and sheep for food, clothing & trade.

15. F.WIND: 1. Powerful force in desert. Shape region’s terrain/ carries loose sand particles/ forms Sand Dunes (ERGS). Many huge & permanent. 2. Surface left when sand blows away thin surface of pebbles, gravel & boulders (Desert Pavement). G. WATER: Most important resource in North Africa. Found in: 1. A few underground springs force their way up to surface; form OASES (Singular = oasis) can support life in barren land. * Sahara has about 90 OASES (widely scattered/ some are centuries old).

18. 2.Dry River Beds (WADIS): Sharp gullies that are temporary reservoirs/ collect run-off water if there is rain…can even fill with water when rain is in distant mts. Water rushes through the wadi/ dries up quickly/ subject to Flash-flooding. 3.RIVERS: Most Important source of water because they are the most consistent source of water. (example: Nile River in Egypt)

19. EGYPT & THE NILE RIVER

21. A. World’s longest river (c. 4180 miles) B. Population density along the Nile: 3,320 people/square mile. C. 2 main tributaries: White Nile & Blue Nile D. Flows northward/ empties into the Mediterranean Sea Hieroglyphics: “great river”

23. A. THE ASWAN HIGH DAM 1. Why built? To deal with floods & droughts 2. Reservoir: Lake Nasser (southern Egypt/ Northern Sudan) 3. Benefits of dam: gives farmers a regular supply of water (now can growing season lasts all year). 4. Increases arable/farmable land by 50%.

25. B. PROBLEMS WITH ASWAN DAM 1. PEOPLE: relocated; way of life permanently damaged/ altered. 2. TREASURES: Temple at Abu Simbel moved; other ancient treasures at bottom of Lake Nasser 3. SOIL: decreased fertility of soil b/c river no longer deposits silt; chemical fertilizers used to compensate. Flood waters previously flushed salt from soil; now expensive field drains are needed. 4. DISEASES: Malaria & other diseases have increased b/c mosquitoes breed around still water. * Egyptians also lose millions of gallons of fresh water every year due to evaporation.

26. The river just flows downhill, from the high mountains in the country of Uganda and the highlands of Ethiopia to the Nile Delta (point where Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea). * 4184 miles from headwaters in Lake Victoria to mouth of Nile at the Mediterranean Sea.