1. Genetic Terminology Character – Trait True-breeding Hybridization – P generation – F 1 generation – F 2 generation

2. Mendel’s Ideas For each trait an organism inherits two alleles If the alleles are different… – Dominant – Recessive Test Cross

3. Mendel’s Laws Law of Segregation – Alleles for each character separate during gamete formation

4. Mendel’s Laws Law of independent assortment – Pairs of alleles separate individually

5. Rules of Probability Rule of multiplication – Examples 2 coins land heads up Parent is YyRr, gamete will carry Y, R Parents are YyRr, offspring will be YYRR Rule of Addition – Event can occur two or more ways – Example Two ways to produce heterozygote if parents are Pp

6. Rules of Probability PpYyRr x Ppyyrr What is the probability of offspring having recessive phenotype for at least two of the three traits – ppyyRr – ppYyrr – Ppyyrr – PPyyrr – ppyyrr

7. Types of Inhertiance Incomplete dominance – Snapdragons Co-dominance – ABO blood groups

8. Types of Inheritance Pleiotropy – Sickle Cell Anemia Epistasis – Coat color in mice Polygenic traits – Eye color – Skin color

9. Pedigrees

10. Genetic Disorders Recessive – Tay Sachs Dominant – Huntington’s Multifactorial – Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorder

11. Chromosomal Complications Non-disjunction – Aneuploidy Trisomy – Down’s Syndrome – Klinefelter’s Syndrome

12. Sex-Linked Disorders Hemophilia – Failure of blood to clot Red-green colorblindness – Primarily males

13. Chi Square Analysis Used to determine if there are deviations for the phenotypic ratio of the F 2 generation within the limits expected by chance – Null hypothesis – Formula X 2 = S (o – e) 2 e

14. Chi Square Analysis Degrees of freedom Chi square – Critical value Reject hypothesis Probability1234 0.053.845.997.829.49 0.016.649.2111.3013.20 0.00110.813.816.318.5

15. Add Linked genes Screening