1. Containment’s First Failure

2.  Chinese Communists  Led by Mao Zedong in North China  Fighting Nationalists since 1927  Temporary truce in 1937  Received aid from Soviets  Chinese Nationalists  Led by Chiang Kai-Shek in South China  $3 billion in aid from U.S. during war  Kai-Shek admired by Americans during war

3.  Experienced Army  Resumed war against Nationalists after WWII  Supported by peasants (95% of population  Distributed land & reduced rents

4.  Leader of Chinese Nationalists starting 1926  Socially conservative  Harsh political and economic policies  Gov’t wasteful/Corrupt  Lost support of people

5.  After Japanese defeated cooperation ends  From 1944-47 U.S. tries to negotiate peace  Supports nationalists despite problems  No soldiers provide ~$2Billion in aid  Aid not enough  Weak military leadership corrupt practices drive peasants to Communists  1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan - Communists take over

6.  Public stunned – containment failed  Blamed Truman  Truman: failure due to internal problems  Critics reject – claim U.S. infiltrated by Communists  Beginning of the Red-scare

7. Containment’s Second Challenge

8.  Japan – control since 1910  Post-WWII  North – Soviets  South – U.S.  1948-49  S. Independent  N. Communist

9.  Korea split at 38 th parallel  Splits resources  Industry North  Agriculture South  Not intended as permanent border  1949 U.S./U.S.S.R. leave

10. NORTH KOREASOUTH KOREA  The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea  Communist state Headed by Kim il Sung (1948-94)  Capital in Pyongyang  Military and Industrial focus  Backed by U.S.S.R.  The Republic of Korea  Presidential Democracy led by Syngman Rhee (1948-60)  Capital in Seoul  Economic focus  Backed by U.S.

11.  June 1950 N. Korea invades across 38 th parallel to unify Korea  Truman – Naval/Air Support  U.N. resolution to support S. Korea  Soviet’s Boycotting U.N. at time  Send 520,000 troops (90% American)  Support for 590,000 S.K. troops  Led By U.S. General Douglas MacArthur

13.  North conquered Seoul (S. capital)  Mac-counterattack  U.N. cross 38 th & reunite Korea (Nov. 1950)  China opposed – sent troops to block

14.  Chinese forces drove U.N. back  Recaptured Seoul  2 Years – fighting continued  Stalemate: neither side advanced  MacArthur: Extend war into China?

15.  Mac v. Truman  Mac – rally support from press/ Republicans  Truman wanted limited war  Fired Mac for insubordination

16.  Cease-fire June 1951  Demilitarized zone @ 38 th Parallel  Armistice July 1953  Results:  Communism Contained?  54,000 dead Am’s  Republicans elect Eisenhower 1952  Paranoia high in U.S.

17.  Newsreel announcing US and UN resolution to take action in Korea  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=128092817