1. Sudan: Civil War, Independence & Darfur

3. MAPS as of 7/2011 South Sudan Republic of Sudan -1899-1956: Egypt and UK have joint authority on Sudan (Egypt- North, UK- South) -Independence 1956 from UK -UK gave power to Islamic Khartoum…

4. Post Independence First Civil War 1956-1972 Cause –General Ibrahim Abboud tried to Islamize South –Cold War: USSR-North, USA-South Peace –Addis Ababa Peace Agreement Power sharing between North and South BUT wealth and power in the NORTH Second Civil War Years: 1983-2002(3) Cause: –Continued forced Islam-ization of South –Issued the “September Laws”: Sudan became an Islamic state (Arabic official language, Sharia Law) –Oil discovered in South! Major Players –SPLA Major Southern Army/ Resistance group Sudanese People’s Liberation Army –Omar Al-Bashir Sudanese President from 1989-today Violent crackdown on South –Lost Boys Refugees from the 2 nd Sudanese Civil War Peace Treaty –North/South Peace Process- 2002 –Goal was to provide a referendum for Southern Independence Effective! –Yes to referendum! –Did NOT address problems of Northern Minorities Documentary 60 minutes 60 minutes

6. Independence and beyond Important Facts:Important Facts: video video –January 9 th, 2011: South Sudan begins voting on Independence video video –January 15 th, 2011: Voting for independence closes articlearticle article –February: Independence confirmed articlearticle Q & A:Q & A: –ArticleArticle Independence July 9 th, 2011 South Sudan Today –ArticleArticle

8. Genocide: UN:UN: (CNN) (CNN) –The government of Sudan and militias have acted together in committing widespread atrocities in Darfur that should be prosecuted by an international war crimes tribunal, but the violent acts do not amount to genocide, a U.N. commission has said. (CNN)(CNN) US:US: –The United States was the first to label the killing genocide. In Sept. 2004, then-Secretary of State Colin Powell said, "This was a coordinated effort, not just random violence."

9. Darfur The genocide in the Darfur region of western Sudan began in 2003, when the government of Sudan began sponsoring attacks against the people of Darfur. The genocide has claimed 400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people. About the size of Texas, the Darfur region is home to racially mixed tribes of settled peasants, who identify as African, and nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The majority of people in both groups are Muslim. In February 2003, frustrated by poverty and neglect from the government in Khartoum (the Sudanese capital), two Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the Khartoum government. Claiming to be putting down the insurrection, the government responded with a scorched- earth campaign against the innocent civilians of Darfur, enlisting the janjaweed, a militia drawn from members of Arab tribes in the region, to perpetrate the attacks. Since February 2003, the government-sponsored Janjaweed have used rape, displacement, organized starvation, threats against aid workers, and mass murder. Refugees in Menawashi, Darfur TIMELINE: In March 2003, violence broke out between the government and rebels from Darfur. Nearly 300 thousand people were killed over a decade of fighting and famine. In 2009, the rebels signed a peace agreement with the government during talks in the Qatari capital but not everyone accepted the deal. April 2013, world leaders begin rebuilding process at a conference in Doha, Qatar

10. The International Criminal Court is accepting supporting evidence of children's drawings of the alleged crimes committed in Darfur. This sketch by Abdul Maggit depicts a typical scene of destruction.

11. Omar Al-Bashir Omar Al-Bashir *President of Sudan *Charged with genocide by ICC Omar Al-Bashir 2009:2009: –“We will NOT bow to colonialists!”NOT colonialists!” 2011:2011: –“Conflict in Darfur my responsibility, not the international community”responsibility On March 4, 2009 Sudanese President Omar al Bashir, became the first sitting president to be indicted by ICC for directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur. The arrest warrant for Bashir follows arrest warrants issued by the ICC for former Sudanese Minister of State for the Interior Ahmad Harun and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb. The government of Sudan has not surrendered either suspect to the ICC. Limitation of the ICC?Limitation of the ICC

12. Peace. Doha Accords:Doha Accords: Agreement between JEM (largest rebel group) and Khartoum Feb 2009.Doha AccordsDoha Accords Doha 2013:Doha 2013: –Ten years after the start of the fighting in Darfur, world leaders say it is time to rebuild. –Delegates from around the world have arrived in Doha, Qatar's capital, with the objective to raise billions of dollars to pay for infrastructure, food and clean water. “This conference will address a major question, that after 10 years of war and destruction, let us take Darfur to another step; from relief, from emergency - let them take these people to development, to reconstruction and let them have a positive message [for] the people of Darfur, that the entire world is with you and that through peace and stability you can rebuild your country and you can make Darfur again powerful and prosperous. ” –Atta al-Mannan Bakhait, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperaton

13. How to Prevent the Next Darfur see TIME article see TIME article The world's worst man-made disaster highlights the potentially catstrophic effects of climate change on Africa (see TIME article)see TIME article