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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success
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Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives
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The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation –Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus –Paraventricular nucleus Glucose and digestive regulation –Glucostatic theory Hormonal regulation –Insulin and leptin
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Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus
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The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits –Exposure –When, as well as what Food-related cues –Appearance, odor, effort required Stress –Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating
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Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition –Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint
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Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight
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Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation –Estrogens –Androgens –Testosterone Pheromones –Synchronized menstrual cycles Aphrodisiacs Erotic materials Attraction to a Partner The Coolidge effect Evolutionary factors
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Figure 10.6 Rape victim-offender relationships
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Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and mating preferences
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Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people think about sex
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Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects
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Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness
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The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual –A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality –Environmental –Biological –Interactionist
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Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum
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Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality?
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Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation
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The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: –Excitement –Plateau –Orgasm –Resolution
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Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle
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Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency
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Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel –Work harder and more persistently –Delay gratification –Pursue competitive careers –Situational influences on achievement motives –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component –Subjective conscious experience –Positive psychology Physiological component –Bodily (autonomic) arousal Behavioral component –Characteristic overt expressions
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Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear
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Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions
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Theories of Emotion James-Lange –Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard –Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory –Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories –Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation
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Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion
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Figure 10.24 Primary emotions
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Happiness Common sense notions incorrect –Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated –Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated –Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated Subjective rather than objective reality important
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Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations
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Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness
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