1. Social Effects of Precocious Puberty Kayci Fuller

2. Puberty Defined Normally between the ages of 8-13 for girls and 9-14 for boys Development of secondary sexual characteristics Sexual maturity

3. Precocious Puberty Puberty before the age of 8 for girls or 9 for boys Effects 1 in 10 children in the U.S. 10 times more common in girls than boys Endogenous and/or exogenous causes

4. Causes: Obesity Higher leptin production and concentration ▫Signal adequate energy stores to support pubertal progression Aromatase action ▫Conversion of androgens to estrogens Insulin Resistance ▫Increase availability of sex steroids

5. Obesity’s Effect on Puberty

6. Causes: Endocrine Disruptors Chemicals that negatively effect the endocrine system Bind to hormone receptors Act as agonist or antagonist of estrogens Focus on 3 endocrine disruptors since 1990s: phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols

7. Phytoestrogens, Phthalates, Phenols Phytoestrogens: plant estrogens ▫Estrogenic Phthalates: synthetic compounds not bound to the plastic matrix they’re found in ▫Androgenic Phenols: aromatic alcohols that can accumulate in fat tissues ▫Estrogenic

8. The Perfect Storm Independently all four causes are essentially harmless Summation of causes may have greater effect on adolescents

9. Microeffects: Physiological Reduced stature ▫Bone growth controlled by pubertal hormones ▫Premature skeletal maturation ▫Reduced stature

10. Microeffects: Psychological Negative self-esteem and body image Depression Eating Disorders

11. Microeffects: Social School Performance Substance Abuse Sexual Activity

12. Microeffects: Long-term Health Breast Cancer Stroke Heart Disease

13. Macroeffects: Parenting Utilize structured parenting style Few rules with firm enforcement Adjust parenting style to successfully keep their children from negative social effects of precocious puberty

14. Macroeffects: Sexual Education Programs Puberty occurring before children are informed about the changes their body is experiencing Reformat programs for younger audiences Provide sexual education programs yearly

15. Macroeffects: Government Costs Increase cost to support teen mothers Lower educational attainment with lower lifetime income Continuum of costs

16. In summary Precocious puberty has been progressively increasing in occurrence It can cause several negative immediate and long-term effects Changes may need to be made in response to increasing rates of precocious puberty

17. Ahmed, M., Ong, K., Dunger, D (2009). Childhood Obesity and the Timing of Puberty. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20(5): 239.