1. Bonding, GPS 8 Additional Notes

2. Types of Solids Ionic solids – Ions arranged in a lattice Metallic solids – Cations of metals share a “sea” of valence electrons Covalent solids – Atoms arranged in a lattice Molecular solids – Molecules arranged in a lattice

3. Types of Crystalline Solids Ionic solid – Example: NaCl (sodium chloride) Cl - Na +

4. Metallic Solids Bonding in most metals is both strong and nondirectional (because valence electrons are shared equally among metal cations) Electron sea model – Depicts metallic bonding as a “sea” of valence electrons with metal cations

5. Metal Alloys Alloy – A substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties – Example Brass: approximately 1/3 of the atoms in the host copper metal have been replaced by zinc atoms – Example Steel is an iron crystal with carbon atoms in the holes of the closest packed iron structure

6. Covalent Solids Covalent solids – Atomic solids that contain strong covalent bonds to form a solid that might best be viewed as a “giant molecule” Example: – The two most common forms of carbon: Diamond – Tetrahedral arrangment; strong covalent bonds Graphite – Layers of carbons arranged in six-member rings; very weak π bonding between layers

7. Covalent Solids DiamondGraphite

8. Molecular Solids Molecular solids – Example: Ice (solid water) H2OH2O

9. Isomers – When two or more species have the same formula, but their atoms are bonded differently Examples:

10. Properties of Solids

12. Properties of Solids (answers)