1. History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present

2. The Cold War and the Red Scare

3. Themes: US Cold War policies grew out of two basic fears:

4. Themes: US Cold War policies grew out of two basic fears: 1. Fear of being vulnerable, once again, to foreign intimidation or attack

5. Themes: US Cold War policies grew out of two basic fears: 2. Fear of another economic depression

6. Themes: Just as Cold War policies were partly rooted in domestic concerns, so domestic politics were profoundly distorted by events of the Cold War

7. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany and Japan totally defeated in WWII

8. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany and Japan totally defeated in WWII

9. Situation by fall of 1945: US sole possessor of atom bomb

10. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany under US, British, French, and Soviet occupation

11. April 1945— Roosevelt had died and been succeeded by Harry Truman

12. Harry S. Truman 1945-1953

13. Summer 1945—United Nations launched in San Francisco

14. Eastern Europe Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin meeting at Yalta, February 1945

15. Eastern Europe Imposition of pro-Soviet Regimes, 1945-1949

16. Western Europe Seen as vital to maintaining US prosperity

17. Western Europe Severe economic crisis, 1946-1947

18. Western Europe Seen as vital to maintaining US prosperity

19. 1947—Secretary of State George Marshall proposed “Marshall Plan” for recovery of Europe

20. 1947—Secretary of State George Marshall proposed “Marshall Plan” for recovery of Europe Marshall Plan was rejected by Soviet and Eastern European governments

21. Western Europe Marshall Plan—totaling $13.5 billion, 1948-1952

22. Western Europe

23. 1948— In Italian elections, Palmiro Togliatti (Communist) ran against Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democrat) Togliatti De Gasperi

24. 1948— In Italian elections, Palmiro Togliatti (Communist) ran against Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democrat) Togliatti De Gasperi CIA covertly supported De Gasperi, who won election

25. Allied Occupation of Germany

26. ... leading to political division of Germany

27. ... and of Berlin

28. 1949—Founding of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (United States, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, and several other Western European nations)

30. Truman and Marshall

32. Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Chiang Kai-shek Three shocks of 1949-1950: Mao Tse-tung

33. Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Three shocks of 1949-1950:

34. Secretary of State Dean Acheson

35. Shock #2: Soviet detonation of atom bomb Three shocks of 1949-1950:

36. Shock #2: Soviet detonation of atom bomb Three shocks of 1949-1950: Pushing US to develop hydrogen bomb

37. Shock #3: Korean War Three shocks of 1949-1950:

38. Since 1945 Korea had been divided at 38th Parallel

39. Since 1945 Korea had been divided at 38th Parallel; Syngman Rhee (pro-US) in South

40. Since 1945 Korea had been divided at 38th Parallel; Syngman Rhee (pro-US) in South, Kim Il Sung (pro-Soviet) in North

41. Approached Mao Tse-tung Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control

42. Approached Mao Tse-tung... and Stalin Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control

43. June 1950—North Korean forces attacked across 38th Parallel

44. Gen. Douglas MacArthur

47. Summer 1950— US/UN forces recaptured southern part of peninsula

48. Fall 1950—US/UN forces invaded North Korea

49. Fall 1950—MacArthur convinced Truman North Korean regime could and should be destroyed

51. Fall 1950—Chinese forces crossed Yalu River, dealing disastrous defeat to US/UN forces

52. Early 1951—US/UN forces pushed their way back up to 38th Parallel, establishing stalemate

53. Gen. Douglas MacArthur

54. 1951—Truman relieved MacArthur of command, sought truce in war

55. Anti-Truman cartoon, 1951

56. 1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower

57. 1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson

58. Red Scare 1947—House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) investigated “Hollywood Ten”

59. 1948—HUAC targeted Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Alger Hiss

60. Richard M. Nixon

61. Joseph McCarthy

62. Not the same! Douglas MacArthurJoseph McCarthy

63. Early 1950—Senator McCarthy accused Truman administration of harboring communists

64. McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated

65. McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated

66. McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ________________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department

67. McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ________________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department

69. 1950—Ethel and Julius Rosenberg accused of spying

70. 1953—Both Rosenbergs executed

71. Eisenhower and McCarthy

72. Eisenhower and Marshall

73. Joseph McCarthy

74. 1954—Army-McCarthy Hearings were televised, causing McCarthy to lose public support