1. 1 Ch 10. Modals 2 정샘 영어 Academy Understanding and Using English Grammar

2. 2 2 Context Making Requests with I as the subject with You as the subject Imperative request Expressing Necessity ( 당위성의 표현 ) Necessity: Must, have to Lacking of Necessity: don’t have to, don’t need to Prohibition: must not Expressing Expectation Be supposed to Appendix Summary of Will Summary of Would Summary of Could Summary of Can Summary of Must Summary of Should Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning What is Mood? Verbs forms in Mood Expressing Degree of Certainty Expressing Advisability: Should, ought to, had better Expressing Suggestion Let’s, Why don’t we, shall I/we Could vs. Should Hindsight Advisability &Suggestion - should have + PP - could have + PP Expressing Degree of Certainty Present time Present time negative Past time Past time negative Future time Future time negative Expressing Possibility and Ability: Can, Could Expressing Habitual Expressing Preference Part IIPart I

3. 3 1. Making Requests: with I as the subject May I Could I (a) May I (please) borrow your pen?  Yes, certainly.  Yes, of course.  Sure. (informal)  OK, no problem.  Sorry. (b) Could I borrow your pen? (c) Might I borrow your pen? (very formal) May I, Could I 는 상대에게 permission 을 요청하는 문장. 모두 공 손한 표현 Can I Can I borrow your pen? // 허락을 상대방에게 요청할 때 You can have 10 minute break now. // 허락해줄때 You can use my car if you need. // = permission Can I 주로 잘 아는 친한 관계에게 permission 을 요청하는 경우. May I 보다 덜 공손한 표현 Can 이 평서문에 사용되면 ability 외 에 허락 (permission) 을 의미 = I allow you to have 10 min break = I allow you to use my car May I Could I Can I Might I

4. 4 2. Making Requests: with you as the subject Would you Will you (a) Would you pass the sugar (please)?  Yes, I’d happy to. Yes, I’d be glad to.  Certainly. Sure. ( Informal)  I’d like to, but ~ ( 부정적인 답변시 ) (b) Will you (please) pass me the salt? Would you, will you 는 상대에 게 polite 하게 요청하는 문장. Would you 와 Could you 는 동일 한 의미. but Would you = Do you want to do this please? Could you = Do you want to do this please, and is it possible for you to do this? Could youCould you pass the sugar? Can youCan you pass the sugar? (informal) 덜 공손한 표현 Would you Would you mind Will you Could you Can you

5. 5 2. Making Requests: with you as the subject (Cont.) Would you mind if I + past: 상대 에게 나의 행위 에 대해 허락을 구할 때 Would you mind if I closed the window? = Would you mind my closing the window? = Is it ok for you if I close the window?  No, not at all / No, of course not.  No that would be fine. / OK. No problem.  Yes, I do. // 창문 닫지 말아라. 내가 싫다 ( 거절시 ) would you mind if I+ simple past = would you mind my + ing 폼 제가 ~ 하면 꺼려하십니까 ? No 로 대답하면 꺼려하지 않 는다는 의미 Yes 로 대답하면 꺼려한다는 의미 Would you mind + ( 소유격 ) + ing: 상대에게 무엇 인가를 요청할 때 또는 소유격 의 행위에 대해 상대방에게 허 락을 구할 때 Would you mind closing the window? = Would you please close the window? = Would you mind your closing the window?  No. I’d be happy to. / No. Not at all. I’d be glad to. would you mind + ing = would you mind your + ing = 당신이 ~ 해주시면 꺼려하 십니까 ? No 로 대답하면 꺼려하지 않 는다는 의미 Yes 로 대답하면 꺼려한다는 의미

6. 6 3. Making Requests: Imperative Requests (a) Shut the door.  (You) shut the door. (b) Be on time.  (You) be on time. (c) Don’t shut the door.  You don’t shut the door. (d) Don’t be late. 명령문의 경우 주어가 이미 의미를 이 해했기 때문에 주어를 생략. (e) Turn right at the second lights. 상대방에게 방향등을 알려줄때 명령문 사용 (f) Please shut the door. // 공손한 표현 (g) Shut the door, please. 명령문에 please 를 더하면 공손한 표현 이 됨 (h) Have a seat, won’t you? (i) Shut the door, would you? // formal situation (j) Shut the door, could you? // formal situation 명령문에 tag question 을 더하면 공손한 표현이 됨

7. 7 4. Expressing Necessity( 필수, 필요성 ) Present /Future Drivers must acquire drive license to drive on the road. Drivers have to acquire drive license to drive on the road. must, have to 는 necessity ( 필수성 ) 을 표현 have to 가 must 보다 더 일반적으로 사용되며, must 가 좀 더 강한 의미. I have got to leave now. (informal) = I have to leave now. = I’ve gotta go = I gotta go have got to 는 have to 와 동일한 의미 got to 의 축임은 ‘gotta’ PastHe had to leave soon. I had to leave soon. 과거형은 had to

8. 8 5. Expressing Necessity: Lack of Necessity and Prohibition Lack of Necessity Tomorrow is holiday. You don’t have to go to school. = You don’t need to go to school. = You need not to go to school. // British English 부정문에서 must 와 have to 는 다른의미 don’t have to 는 lack of necessity 의 의미 ProhibitionYou must not tell the secret to anybody. You mustn’t use illegal drugs.//must not 의 축약 must not 은 prohibition 의 의미

9. 9 6. Expressing Expectation ( 기대 ) Present/ Future (a) The game starts at 10:00 (b) The game will start at 10:00 (c) The game is supposed to start at 10:00 //10 시에 시작하기로 되 어있다. = I expect the game to begin at 10:00 (d) The game is to start at 10:00 Someone 이 something 이 일어나기를 원할때 쓰는 표 현. Is supposed to 와 is to 는 예정된 사건이나 정확한 진 행이 일어나기를 기대 할때 사용하는 표현. c 와 d 는 같은 의미 비교 I should go to the meeting now. = It is good idea for me to go to the meeting. I am supposed to go to the meeting now // 미팅에 가야 되. = someone expects (requires) me to go to the meeting. I must to go to the meeting. The meeting cannot occur without me. I’m the only one who has the information. // necessity 표현 I am to go to the meeting. My boss ordered me to be there. He will accept no excuse. // expectation 표현 Is supposed to 와 is to 는 또한 누군가가 어떤 사건이 나 행위를 기대할때 사용 Be to 는 strong expectation 의미. Order 나 demand 수준

10. 10 Appendix1. Will : summary 1. 미래시제 단순미래 : 예측, 추측 의 의미 (Future certainty/prediction) : ~ 할거야, 될거야 (100% sureness) ~ 이 안 될거야 ( 부정 ) I will be happy when the final test is finished. Tomorrow will be rainy day. // Prediction = Tomorrow is going to be rainy day. This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach. Sorry the road is jammed. I will be 30 minutes late. 단순 미래 : 미래에 일 어날 사건 / 상황에 대 해 단순히 언급할때 또는 Prediction 할떄 Tomorrow is Friday so the shop will be open tomorrow. // Certainty Don’t call her now. She will be sleeping now. // 100% sure We cannot call her now. She will have gone to bed. // 과거 This car won't start. // 이 차는 아무리해도 시동걸리지 않을 것이다. 미래에 일어날 사건 이나 상황에 대해 100% 확신 2. 즉각적 결정 / 미래 (Immediate/future) willingness / intension / decision Will not 은 그 반대인 refusal, unwillingness 을 표현 -- The phone is ringing. I will get it. (O) I am going to get it. (X) -- Can somebody help me? I will. I really will stop smoking. // strong intention --- Give me a kiss. No, I won’t. speaker 의 의지를 표현 할 때는 will 을 써 야 함. be going to 는 계획된 또는 certainty 를 표현할때만 사용 I am going to get my car fixed on the weekend. (O) 3. Polite requestWill you please pass me the salt? Will you have some more coffee? // 상대방의 wish 에 대한 질의 4. Typical behavior in present or future If something breaks down and you kick it, it will often start working again. When you review the grammar exercise, it will remind you of your weak points. If you will keep telling people the secret, then we will not talk to you anymore. 특정행위 (behavior) 에 대해 언급할때 과거의 경우는 would 사용 5. Soften orders, instruction. I will have to ask you to wait more. I’m afraid you will need to fill in this form. will 은 명령이나 지 시등을 가볍게 만드는 표현

11. 11 Appendix 2. Would : summary 과거과거 1. 추측 2. 단순 미 래표현 (predictio n) Anna is 26 years old. She will be 27 next year. // 현재에서의 단순미래 Anna was 26 years old last year. She would be 27 next year. // 과거에서의 단순미래 I never though that my sun would be my boss some day later. I never realized that someday I would be living in California. 의미 : 과거시점 당시에는 일어 나지 않았고 나중에 일어나게 될 일에 대해 언급할떄 will 대신 사 용 : ~ 일 것이다 ( 라고 ), ~ 될 것이 다 ( 라고 ) 직접 : He will call you on Sunday. 간접 : He said he would call me on Sunday. 직접 : Tomorrow will rain. 간접 : The forecaster said the next day would rain. 간접화법에서 will 대신 사용 3. 의지미 래 (Willingne ss), 추측 & Refusal ( 부정의 경우 ) // Would 는 과거시점에서 구체적이지 않은 일반적인 것에 대한 의지를 표현. He was very ill at that time, but he would go to the party. // 기어코 갈려고 했다. 긍정 ~ 하려고 했었을 것이다 ( 추축 ) ~ 하려고 했었다 ( 의지 ) // would not 은 과거의 특정한 ( 구체적 ) 행위 / 사건 / 경우에 대해 refuse 할때 Damn, the car wouldn’t start. // = the car refused to start I tried to persuade him but he wouldn’t listen to me. // = he refused to listen I asked him very politely, but he wouldn't tell me the truth. //=he refused to tell I asked her to open the door, but she wouldn’t let me in. //=she refused to let me He was so obstinate that he would not listen to my advice 부정 ~ 하려고 하지 않았다 ~ 하기를 거절했다 ~ 하려고 하지 않았다 ( 의지 ) 4. 과거의 습관 (Habitual/ typical Activity in the pas) When I was a child, my father would read me a story book at night. (O) =When I was a child, my father used to read me a story book at night. (O) I would live in NY. (X) // 과거의 상태인 경우 would 사용불가 I used to live in NY. (O) 과거의 규칙적 행위 일 경우 Would 는 과거의 상황 (situation) 을 서술하는데 사용하지 못함

12. 12 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont.) 4. 현재에서의 단 순추측 ( 가능성 ), 의지, 소망 아마 ~ 일것이다. 할 수 있을것이 다. The hall would seat 500 people. // 추측 - 그홀은 500 석 정도 일것이다 None of his attempts would succeed. // 추측 - 그의 어떤 시도도 성공하지 않을 것이다. No one would break the security system. // 추측 ( 가능성 )- 누구도 그 보안시스템을 부수지 못할 것이다. ( 부 술 가능성이 없을 것이다 ) That would be OK. // 추측 - 아마 괜찮을 것 같다. Most men would act that way. // 추측 – 그렇게 행동할 것이다 I don’t know what it would be. // 추측 - 무엇인지 I would imagine the journey will take about an hour. // 추측 I would like come here. // 소망 : ~ 하고 싶다 What would you do if she doesn’t like you? // 의지 : - 너는 머 할건데 ? I would have nothing to do with it. // 의지 : ~ 하지 않겠다.( 않을 것이다 ) If you would understand a nation, you must know its language. // 의지 : ~ 하고자 한다면, 5. Polite request Would you (please) pass me the salt? // 상대에게 요청할때 Would you like tea? // 상대의 wish 를 물어볼때 Would you mind if I closed the window? // 나의 행동에 대한 허락을 요청 = Would you mind my closing the window? // 나의 행동에 대한 허락을 요청 Would you mind closing the window? // 상대에게 행위를 요청할때

13. 13 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont..) 6. Unreal Situation: 현재사실의 반대 또는 과거 에 이루어지지 않았던 사건, 상황에 대한 반대의 소망 1) if 절 없이 (If 가정법으로 변경 가능 ) ~ 하고 싶다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 일 / 할 것이다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 이지 / 하지 않 을것이다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 하려고 했는 데 못했다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 하지 않을려 고 햇는데 했다 Would not: ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 이지 / 하지 않 을것이다 // 현재사실의 반대 : Would + 동원 I would love to live by sea. // 살기를 원한다 ( 현재는 해변가에 살고있지 않음 ) I would call Anna but I don’t have her phone number. (So I cannot call her) The city has terrible smog. Otherwise, the sky would be very beautiful now. ( = if the city didn’t have terrible smog, the sky will be ~) Shall I tell Anna what happened? -- No, I wouldn’t say anything. (= I wouldn’t say anything in your position) (= I wouldn’t say anything If I were you) I am not going to invite them. They would not come anyway. // 과거사실의 반대 : Would have + PP I never would have succeed without your help. (without = if you hadn’t helped me. ) // 성공하지 못할뻔 했다, 성공하지 못 했을 것이다. I would have liked to see [or have seen] him. // 그를 만나고 싶었었다 ( 만나지 못했음 ). I would have called Anna but I didn’t have her phone number. (So I could not call her) I didn’t invite them. They wouldn’t have come anyway. 2) if 절과 함께 If I had the time now, I would go. // 갈려고 했다. ( 실제로는 못갔음 ) (= I don’t have time to go to the movie, so I cannot go) If I had had the time yesterday, I would have gone. // 갈려고 했었었다 (=I didn’t have time to go to the movie yesterday, so I didn’t go.) If I knew the truth, I would tell you. // 말 할려고 했다 ( 실제로는 못햇음 ) ( = I don’t know the truth so I cannot tell. ) // 비교 I will call Anna if I have her phone number. ( =possible 한 조건 ) I would call Anna if I had her phone number. ( = I don’t call her) I would have called Anna if I had had her phone number. ( = I didn’t call her)

14. 14 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont...) 7. Preference X 를 Y 보다 선호한다. He would rather go to class tomorrow. = He prefer going to class tomorrow. I would rather go to a movie than study English grammar tonight. = I prefer going to movie to studying English grammar tonight. I’d rather study math than (study) biology. = I prefer studying math to (studying) biology. would rather + 동사원형 would rather X than Y = prefer X-ing to Y-ing X,Y 는 동사 would rather 동사원형 + X than Y = prefer V-ing X to Y X,Y 는 명사 I would rather that you call me tomorrow. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive We would rather that he take this train. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive S1+ would rather that + S2 + simple form: S1 은 S2 가 ~ 하기 를 ( 이기를 ) 원한다. (a) He would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department. // untrue 가정법 현재 = He’s girl friend doesn’t work in the same department. (b) Jane would rather that it were winter now. = It is not a winter now. = He wishes it were winter now. (c) He would rather that Anna had gone to class yesterday. // untrue 가정법 과거 = Anna didn’t go to class yesterday. S1+ would rather that + S2 + past form: S1 은 S2 가 ~ 이기를 ( 하기를 ) 원하지만 현실은 그 반 대 would rather that 에서 that 다 음에 반드시 주어가 존재해야 함. He would rather not go to class tomorrow. (= He wants not to go class tomorrow) He would rather not have gone to class yesterday. (=He wanted not to go to class yesterday) He would rather that you not call me tomorrow. // would rather 의 부정형

15. 15 Appendix 3. Can : summary 긍정부정 1. Ability 미래 / 현재 I will be able to speak Chinese. I can come to the game on Saturday. I can speak Chinese. I will not be able to speak Chinese. I cannot come to the game on Saturday. I cannot speak Chinese. 과거 ØØ 2.(realistic) possibility (or Sureness) 미래 ØWe cannot lost the game on Sunday. //99%sure (= I am 99% sure we won’t) 현재 I can see the Han river from my apartment. You can see fish at the aquarium. = It is possible for you to see the fish at the aquarium. The story cannot be true. // 99% sure, (= I am 99% sure it isn’t true) = couldn’t be true 과거 ØI cannot have lost my keys! (I'm 99% sure I didn't) //cannot 은 부정문만 가능 (99% sure) = could not have lost 3. request (informal) 미래 / 현재 Can you switch on the light for me? 4. offer 미래 / 현재 Can I help you? 5. asking for and giving permission 미래 / 현재 Can I use your phone? -- Yes, of course you can. 6. Prohibition: 부정형만 가능 미래 / 현재 You cannot enter here without a ticket. I cannot let you in without a permission.

16. 16 Appendix 4. Could: summary 긍정부정 1. Ability 미래 ØØ 현재 ØØ 과거 I could run fast when I was young. We could reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (X) We were able to reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) // 과거 특정시점에는 be able to 만 가능 I could not speak Chinese when I was young. They could not reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) // 부정문일 경우 특정시점에서 사 용 I tried but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us. // 과거의 구체적인상황에서 부정문 인 경우 could 만 가능 2. possibility (or Sureness) ( 가능 성 또는 확실성 ) 미래 I think he could come here around 6 tonight. // 50% He couldn’t come here around 6 tonight. //50%sure 현재 The story could be true but I don’t think it is. // 50% The situation is bad, but it could go worse. // 50% The story couldn’t be true. // 99% sure = cannot be true 과거 I guess it could have been Anna who called me. //50% = may have been, might have been I couldn't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't) //could 부정문시 (99% sure) = cannot have lost 3. unfulfilled possibility: Could have PP 현재 실제 : I don’t have a million dollars. If I had a million dollars, I could buy a house. // 가정법 현재 과거 실제 : I failed the exam. I could have passed the exam if I'd really studied hard. // 가정법 과거 4. Unrealistic possibility 현재 I am so tired. I could sleep for a week. (I can sleep (X) ) // 현재의 unrealistic 과거 I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. // 과거 : could have PP // 과거

17. 17 Appendix 4. Could: summary (Cont.) 긍정부정 5. Unwillingness ( 그렇게는 할 수 없 다, 하고싶지 않다 = don’t want) 현재 I couldn’t leave Jim alone while he is visiting us. 과거 ØI couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't). 6. suggestion (possibility 의미도 가능 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 What shall we do this evening? - We could have a party or We could go to movie. When you go to Seoul next month, you could stay with my friend. - Yes, I suppose I could. 과거과거 // 과거의 제안은 때늦은 제안의 의미 즉 unfulfilled suggestion 상황 : I failed the math class. You could have talked to your math teacher. Or you could have asked Jim to help you. (But you didn’t talk to your math teacher. You missed a good chance.) 7. Polite Request ( 상대에게 어떤 행 위를 요청하는것 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 Could you (please) pass me the salt? 8. asking for and giving permission ( 나의 행위에 대해 상대에게 허락 / 동 의를 구하는 것 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 Could I use your phone? -- Yes, of course you can. // 부정은 prohibition 의 의미 You cannot get in without a ticket. 과거과거 ØWhen I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.

18. 18 Appendix 5. Must : summary Strong Necessity = Ought to = Obligation 상황 : John didn't show up for work. ---- He must be fired. // 당위성 (= ought to) (because John didn't show up for work, John ought to be fired. ) I must finish the assignment by noon. = I have to finish Today is holiday. You don’t have to go to class. // lack of necessity Present Certainty (95%) 상황 : Why John isn’t in class?  He must be sick. // 95% 확실성 또는 합리적 결론 (= certainty) 부정형 : He must not be hungry. // 95% sure Past Certainty (95%) 상황 : John didn't show up for work.  He must have been sick // 95% sure (otherwise John would have shown up for work.) 부정형 ; He must not have been hungry. // 95% sure Prohibition (negative) You must not smoke in this room.

19. 19 Appendix 6. Should : summary Advisability 상황 : I’m having a headache now. What should I do?  You should see a doctor now.// definite advice 비교 : I’m having a headache now. What should I do?  You could see a doctor. // suggestion or possibility Hindsight advisability 상황 : I failed the math exam.  You should have asked to your math teacher. = You had a chance to talk to your math teacher. It was very important for you to talk to your math teacher. But you didn’t. You made a mistake. = You was supposed to ask to your teacher. Sureness (90%) Future: He should do well on the test. // 90% sure He should be here in 10 minutes. // 90%of probability The level test shouldn’t be that much difficult. // 90% sure Past: He should have done well on the test // Hindsight = I expected you did well on the test but you failed. Something is not normal or Something I expect to happen I wonder why Anna isn’t here. She should be here soon. (= She isn’t here yet. It is not normal. So I expect she will be here soon) The price of this item is wrong. It should be $25, not $250.

20. 20 Appendix 6. Should : summary (cont.) True 가정법에 서의 Should (90% 의 certainty) // If Anna should call = If Anna calls : Anna 가 전화하면 (90% 의 certainty) // If there should be(90%) // if there were (100%) If Anna should call, tell her I’ll be back around six. If there should be another world war, the future of mankind would be in jeopardy. // 가정법에서의 If 생략시 Should Anna call, tell her I will call her back soon. = ( If Anna should call, ~) Subjunctive 에 서의 Should It ~ That Demand, insist, They insisted that we should have dinner with them. // should 생략가능 = They insisted that we have dinner with them. I demanded that he should apologize. = I demanded that he apologize. It is essential that all the children should be given equal education opportunity. = It is essential that all the children be given equal education opportunity. Suggest 주의 // 주의 What do you suggest we (should) do? What do you suggest us to do? (X) Anna suggested that I should buy a car. Anna suggested me to buy a car. (X)