1. The Periodic Table 1

2. Can you name them all? Element song

3. As far as we know, there are only so many basic elements. Up to this point in time we have discovered/created around 118. Scientists think that no matter where the element is found, it has the same exact same set of physical and chemical properties. Iron (Fe) atoms found on Earth are identical to iron atoms found on meteorites. The iron atoms on Mars that make the soil red are the same too. 3

4. What are Physical and Chemical Properties? All substances have properties that we can use to identify them. For example we can identify a person by their face, their voice, height, finger prints, DNA etc.. The more of these properties that we can identify, the better we know the person. In a similar way, elements have properties. 4

5. There are two basic types of properties that we can associate with matter. These properties are called Physical properties and Chemical properties: Examples of physical properties include: color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, viscosity (how thick the substance is), solubility (ability to dissolve) and density. There are many more examples. We can measure these properties without changing the substance! Examples of chemical properties include: flammability, reactivity with water, PH, and ability to bond with other elements. Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction. The more properties we can identify for a substance, the better we know that substance. 5

6. 6 Why is the Periodic Table important? The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

7. 7 Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry … …was a mess!!! No organization of elements. Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! Difficult to find information. Chemistry didn’t make sense. Carl’s Pharmacy!

8. 8 Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Periodic Table HOW HIS WORKED… Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. SOME PROBLEMS… He left blank spaces for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!) He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.

9. 9 Mendeleev’s Original Table 9

10. The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev wasn’t too far off. Now the elements are put in rows by increasing atomic number. The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called families are labeled from 1 to 18. 10

11. 11 THE BASICS: The periodic table separates the elements into three main groups based on their chemical and physical properties: the metals (green in the table), nonmetals (orange), and metalloids (blue).

12. 12 Most elements are metals. They are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, have a high density, and only melt at high temperatures. All metals are solids, except for mercury. Metals rust and corrode (a chemical reaction), much like rusting iron.

13. 13 Nonmetals, on the right side of the periodic table, are very different from metals. Their surface is dull and they are poor conductor of heat and electricity. Compared to metals, they have low density and will melt at low temperatures. The shape of a nonmetal cannot be changed easily as they tend to be brittle and will break. Some of them are gases.

14. 14 Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids. They can be shiny or dull and their shape is easily changed. Metalloids typically conduct heat and electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as metals. Metalloids are important as “semi- conductors”. Semi- conductors allow for just the right amount of electricity to pass through and because of this, metalloids are in EVERY major electronic you own!

15. FAMILIES STICK TOGETHER We just covered the major three groups of the periodic table. There are also other, less specific, groups of elements. These groups are all over the table. Scientists group these families of elements by their chemical and physical properties. Each family reacts a different way with the outside world. Families may be one column, or several columns put together. Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.) 15

16. 16 Hydrogen Family Hydrogen is the only element in its family. Hydrogen is a highly reactive gas, and it likes to bond with other elements. Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen Gas Explosion

17. 17 Alkali Metals Family 1 st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen. They are the most reactive metals. Francium is the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements They react violently with water. Alkali metals in water Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element. They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.

18. 18 http://www.lyon.edu/ webdata/Users/DMc Dowell/GenChem/alk alishow.html

19. 19 Alkaline Earth Metals Family Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2) The members of the alkaline earth metals include: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). While not as reactive as the alkali metals, this family knows how to make bonds very easily and are not found by themselves naturally.

20. These elements are found in many items including fireworks, batteries, flashbulbs, and special alloys. The lighter alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium are very important in animal and plant physiology. You all know that calcium helps build your bones 20

21. 21 Transition Metals Family Elements in groups 3-12 These are all good conductors of electricity All are malleable, which means they can be bent and shaped into things like wires and sheets of metal. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling points.

22. 22 Transition Metals Copper

23. Boron Family The Boron Family is named after the first element in the family. This group includes the elements boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. This family has diverse properties and includes metals and metalloids. This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).

24. Carbon Family This family includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals. The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry. This family has very diverse properties and has metals, non- metals and metalloids in it.

25. Nitrogen Family The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere. This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals. Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

26. 26 Oxygen Family Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. This family has very diverse properties and has metals, non- metals and metalloids in it.

27. Halogen Family The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. They are highly reactive (they are poisonous by themselves) and are never found free in nature. The word "halogen" means "salt-former." The halogens form salts when they react with a metal. Highly reactive, especially with alkali metals and alkaline earths This family has very diverse properties and has metals, non-metals and metalloids in it.

28. 28 The Noble Gases

29. Noble Gases Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive. One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity..they rarely bond with other elements. The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere. Neon is used in advertising signs. Argon is used in light bulbs. Helium is used to cool things and in balloons. Xenon is used in headlights for new cars. When you move down the periodic table, as the atomic numbers increase, the elements become rarer.

30. 30 Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases

31. Rare Earth Elements The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are synthetic or man-made.

32. 32 Lanthanide Series Silvery-white metals Relatively soft metals. High melting points and boiling points. Very reactive ignite and burn vigorously. Burn easily in air. Actinide Series All are radioactive. Almost all are man- made. Lanthanum is the first element in the lanthanide series. Uranium is one of the actinide metals.

33. The general trend is that the elements get bigger as they go down in a group and smaller as they go across a period.