1. Cultural Bias How Writing Preferences Evolve Over Time

2. Contrastive Rhetoric From Kaplan, Robert B. “Cultural Thought Patters in Inter-Cultural Education.” Landmark Essays on ESL Writing. Eds. Paul Kei Matsuda and Tony Silva. Mahwah, NJ: Hermagoras Press, 2001. Page 21

3. Research Questions 1.Do American and Korean students prefer the organizational structure used by essay writers from their home culture? 2.Why do Americans and Korean students prefer certain organizational structures more than others? 3.Do the preferences of the Korean students change depending on how long they have studied in the United States?

4. Essay Prompt Explain whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: “People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.”

5. Essays with the Best Structure Korean Students 2 months 3 months 5 months 18 months 24 months 55 months 96 months Korean Essay #1 Korean Essay #3 Korean Essay #4 Korean Essay #5 Korean Essay #4 U.S. Essay #1 Korean Essay #5 American Students U.S. Essay #5 U.S. Essay #4 Korean Essay #4 U.S. Essay #5 U.S. Essay #1

6. People should sometimes do things that they don’t enjoy doing, and the things could be: studying for further steps of school, exercising everyday to be in good shape, and trying to keep your promises. The system, a society where people live, gives them things to be done for their personal development and the entire harmony. Exams make people stressed. Almost every person doesn’t like to study for exams. But what will happen if students who need to enter universities don’t study and don’t take entrance exams? The reason I just don’t enjoy doing it cannot be fully accepted. For their next step of study, students should learn more and take tests. One day, a doctor could say to you, “You are in a bad health condition, so you need to exercise from now on.” In this case, even if you hate exercising, you will start running, skipping, or riding a bicycle, following the doctor’s advice. It can be sometimes inconvenient for people to follow doctor’s directions, but doing so brings positive results. When you and your friend saw a post asking for helping sandbagging, and decided to go together, you and your friend made a promise to each other. So you need to try to keep your word though you become lazy and don’t like to do it anymore. If somebody promised and doesn’t keep his/her word, then any faith cannot be built up. Since people can find their future from studying, and people can make a positive action by obeying, and people can build faith by keeping their promises, even though doing things that they don’t enjoy doing is not easy, for the personal development and social harmony, people need to do so.

7. Korean Essays American Essays Korean StudentsAmerican Students Months spent in the United States +2 +4 +6 +8 0 -2 Evaluation Results

8. Research Questions 1.Do American and Korean students prefer the organizational structure used by essay writers from their home culture? 2.Why do Americans and Korean students prefer certain organizational structures more than others? 3.Do the preferences of the Korean students change depending on how long they have studied in the United States?

9. Implications 1.Students are capable of becoming familiar with different writing styles for other cultures. 2.Students do not need to dismiss the writing style of their native culture.

10. Works Cited Connor, Ulla. “New Directions in Contrastive Rhetoric.” TESOL Quarterly 36.4 (2002): 493-510. JSTOR. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. Hinkel, Eli. “Native and Nonnative Speakers’ Pragmatic Interpretations of English Texts.” TESOL Quarterly 28.2 (1994): 353-376. JSTOR. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. Kaplan, Robert B. “Cultural Thought Patters in Inter-Cultural Education.” Landmark Essays on ESL Writing. Eds. Paul Kei Matsuda and Tony Silva. Mahwah, NJ: Hermagoras Press, 2001. Print. Khatib, Mohammad and Mahmood Moradian. “Deductive, Inductive, and Quasi-Inductive Writing Styles in Persian and English: Evidence from Media Discourse.” Literature and Language 2.1 (2011): 81- 87. EBSCO. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. Mohan, Bernard A. and Winnie Au-Yeung Lo. “Academic Writing and Chinese Students: Transfer and Developmental Factors.” TESOL Quarterly 19.3 (1985): 515-534. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Feb. 2012. Office of International Programs. “International Student Enrollment at NDSU.” International Programs. NDSU, 17 Feb. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2012 Steinman, Linda. “Literacy Autobiographies in a University ESL Class.” The Canadian Modern Language Review 63.4 (2007): 563-573. JSTOR. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. Taft, Marcus, et al. “An Empirical Demonstration of Contrastive Rhetoric: Preference for Rhetorical Structure Depends on One’s First Language.” Intercultural Pragmatics 8.4 (2011): 503-516. EBSCO. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.