1. Soviet Union and China

2. Essential Idea The Soviet Union and China face internal and external challenges as Communism crumbles and world pressure increases.

3. Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy Brezhnev’s successor: Mikhail Gorbachev How is he different: Youngest Soviet leader since Stalin Decided to pursue new ideas

4. Glasnost What it is: Gorbachev’s policy of openness (1985) Changes: Churches opened Dissidents released from prison Publication of books previously banned Reporters do their work

5. Gorbachev’s Reforms- Economy Old: Central Planning ◦ Government controls production, wages, and prices ◦ Little motive to improve efficiency New: Perestroika ◦ Local managers given greater control ◦ Small businesses allowed to open ◦ Make the economic system more efficient and productive

6. Gorbachev’s Reforms- Political System Old: Communism ONLY New: Democratization ◦ Gradual opening of the political system ◦ Voters could choose from a list of candidates for each office (not just those picked by the Communist Party) ◦ Many lesser-known candidates and reformers were chosen

7. Gorbachev’s Reforms- Foreign Policy Old: Arms Race ◦ Expensive- hurts economy New: Arms Control ◦ Became a top priority ◦ Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

8. Reform Will Lead to Break-up Imbalance: 100 ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union (Russian majority) Non-Russian majority in the 14 Soviet republics Ethnic tensions brew under the surface

9. Lithuania The first challenge: Lithuania Action: Declares independence (1990) Reaction: Gorbachev uses force against unarmed civilians Result: Gorbachev’s popularity damaged

10. End of the Soviet Union Event: failed coup in 1991 Result: Sparked anger at Communist Party and accelerated the break up of the Soviet Union ◦ Gorbachev resigns ◦ Soviet parliament stops all party activities ◦ Republics begin to declare independence  By December, all 15 will have done so

11. Commonwealth of Independent States What: Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Who: Former Soviet Republics except Baltic republics and Georgia Significance: Death of the Soviet Union News Report: End of the Soviet Union

13. Boris Yeltsin Problems: Russian economy War in Chechnya Outcomes: “Shock-Therapy”- abrupt shift to free- market economics ◦ 800% inflation, thousands out of work Brief cease-fire, but fighting resumed

14. Vladimir Putin Named acting president upon Yeltsin’s resignation in 1999 Economic problems- continue Chechnya- continues

15. Vladimir Putin Acting President- 1999 Won election- 2000 Reelected- 2004 *Constitutionally mandated term limits* Prime Minister- 2008 President- 2012 Domestically- high approval ratings Current issues: Annexation of Crimea in 2014 Involvement with Syria

16. Central Europe After the Soviet Union Transcaucasian RepublicsCentral Asian Republics Caucasian Mountains between Black Sea and Caspian Sea: Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia East of the Caspian Sea: Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Kyrgystan

17. Problems Economics- Some of the poorest states int the world ◦ Dependence on Soviet Union, thus difficulty standing alone ◦ Soviet economic policies (ex: dependence on a single crop) Ethnic and Religious Strife- ◦ Long simmering ethnic rivalries erupted into fighting in absences of strong Soviet control

18. China Background: ◦ Mao’s policies stifled economic growth ◦ Lack of modern technology damaged efforts to increase agricultural and industrial output ◦ No role in world affairs  Split with Soviet Union  Anger at U.S. support of Tiawan ◦ 1970s- China enters a moderate period under the leadership of premier Zhou Enlai

19. New Era of Chinese-American Relations Begins with: China inviting an American table tennis team to tour China- first visit by an American group since 1949 Led to: U.S. endorsing UN membership for China President Nixon’s state visit U.S.-China diplomatic relations

20. Economic Reform Four Modernizations: call for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology ◦ Introduced by Mao’s successor Deng Xiaoping ◦ Produced striking changes to Chinese life

21. Tiananmen Square Problems: ◦ Students learn about democracy (study abroad, westernization), want it Reaction: ◦ Students lead uprising ◦ 100,000 gather in Tiananmen Square ◦ Win popular support

22. Tiananmen Square Government Response: martial law ◦ June 1989- Thousands of heavily armed soldiers stormed Tiananmen Square with tanks ◦ Hundreds killed, thousands wounded Tank Man

23. Hong Kong Hong Kong: Thriving business center and British colony Transfer: (1997) China promises to respect Hong Kong’s economic system and political liberties for 50 years What happened: Control of mainland China over Hong Kong tightened

24. China Enters the New Millennium China’s Challenges ◦ Poor human rights record ◦ Occupation of Tibet ◦ Relations with the U.S. ◦ “Economically open, politically closed” = TENSION