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Islam Contributions and Turning Points
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Engaged in sea trade using the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Land trade was connected using the Silk Road Muslim merchants expanded trade through a common language and common currency Banks were set up to establish letters of credit Muslim Trade Network
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Under the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Islam spread quickly and was victorious on the battlefield. When Abu-Bakr died, the Muslim state controlled the entire Arabian Peninsula. The next three caliphs continued to expand Muslim territory. Stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River Conquered critical Middle Eastern cities, including Damascus and Jerusalem Rightly-Guided Caliphs
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In 661, Ali (the 4 th and last Rightly-Guided Caliph) is assassinated. Leads to Sunni-Shi’a division The Umayyads then come to power Moved capital city to Damascus Surrounded themselves with wealth, luxury A minority of Muslims resists their leadership This group developed the idea that a caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad and becomes known as Shi’ites. Those who did not resist the Umayyads became known as Sunnis A third group develops, the Sufi – reject luxurious life, devoted to a spiritual path Aggressive opposition leads to the downfall of the Umayyads in 750 – Abbasids take control Sunni-Shi’a Division
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Found on the west bank of the Tigris River Capital city is moved from Damascus to Baghdad in 762 Extensive planning went into the cities circular design Eventually had the largest population of the Muslim Empire. Baghdad falls to the Mongols in the 1258 Essentially marked the end of the Muslim Empire Baghdad
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Takes place in 732 in modern-day France Muslim raiders are defeated by the Franks Extremely significant battle in world history If Muslims would have won, Western Europe might have become part of the Muslim Empire Battle of Tours
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Abbasids’ rule = prosperous time in Muslim history Luxurious cities were constructed, including Baghdad Muslim cities became center for science, math, and philosophy Four Social Classes Upper class included Muslims at birth Second class included converts to Islam Third class included protected people (Jews and Christians) Lowest class were essentially “slaves” or prisoners of war Rise of Muslim Cities
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Rulers wanted to expand scientific knowledge, particularly medicine, math, and astronomy. Reflected curiosity about the world and a quest for knowledge Umayyads and Abbasids strongly encouraged scholarship House of Wisdom – library/academic center where scholars would study several different types of texts Muslim Scholarship
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Architecture Blended styles of different regions Dome of the Rock Mosaics Calligraphy Art of handwriting Literature Early works were mostly religious and later works were about life, love, nature Arabic alphabet Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Cultural Contributions and Achievements
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Arabic numerals Adapted from India Included zero Math was believed to be the basis of all knowledge Algebra Using unknowns to find a known quantity Medicine Expansion of geographic knowledge Scientific Contributions and Achievements
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